Miscellaneous

Question 1

What is considered an annual rapid decline in GFR?

Answer 1

> 3 ml/min

Question 2

What size is considered when evaluating an atrophic kidney?

Answer 2

< 10 cm long

Question 3

What can cause an elevated Cystatin C?

Answer 3

Steroids
Hypothyroidism
Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 4

What are the ANCA lab findings with the following:
GPA?
eGPA?
MPA?
Drug induced vasculitis?

Answer 4

GPA: + cANCA, + PR3
eGPA: +pANCA, + MPO
MPA: +pANCA, + MPO
Drug induced vasculitis: +pANCA, + MPO

Question 5

Is MPO or PR3 positivity more likely to indicate extrarenal manifestations?

Answer 5

PR3

Question 6

What five drugs are implicated in drug induced vasculitis?

Answer 6

Propylthiouracil
Hydralazine
Levamisole
Allopurinol
Minocycline

Question 7

What is the treatment for AAV?

Answer 7

Induction:
Steroids + Cyclophosphamide OR Rituximab

Maintenance:
Rituximab OR Azathioprine

Question 8

In addition to steroids, which induction agent is indicated for AAV in those with severe AKI (ie RRT)?

Answer 8

Cyclophosphamide

Question 9

What is the Rule of Six for AVF?

Answer 9

At 6 weeks post-creation:
1) AVF supports BFR > 600 mL/min
2) AVF is < 6 mm from skin surface
3) AVF has a diameter > 6 cm

Question 10

What is the treatment for malakoplakia?

Answer 10

Antibiotics + Bethanechol + Vitamin C

Question 11

Exposure to what compound is implicated in Balkan Endemic Nephropathy?

Answer 11

Aristolochic acid

Question 12

What drug can result in a false positive urinary ketone test?

Answer 12

Tiopronin

Question 13

What will the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and PTH be in adynamic bone disease?

Answer 13

Normal

Question 14

What is the drug of choice for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 14

Thiazide

Question 15

How do you calculate transferrin saturation?

Answer 15

Iron / TIBC

Question 16

What is the drug of choice for struvite stones in a patient who is not a surgical candidate?

Answer 16

Acetohydroxamic acid

Question 17

How do you estimate total protein intake by urine urea nitrogen?

Answer 17

UUN / 0.16

Question 18

What is the recommended amount of protein intake for those with CKD?

Answer 18

0.6 g/kg/d

Question 19

What is the drug of choice for scleroderma renal crisis?

Answer 19

ACEi

Question 20

Mutations in UMOD and MUC1 can lead to what condition?

Answer 20

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease

Question 21

When should you perform an initial screen for cerebral aneurysms in ADPKD patients?

Answer 21

For those with a high risk occupation OR family history

Question 22

How often should you screen ADPKD patients with cerebral aneurysms?

Answer 22

Every 1-5 year for high risk occupation
Every 5-10 years for + family history

Question 23

What size cerebral aneurysms in ADPKD patients require treatment?

Answer 23

10 mm of larger

Question 24

Outside of sodium bicarbonate, what should be given in cases of ASA overdose?

Answer 24

Dextrose

Question 25

Colistin is associated with what form of AKI?

Answer 25

ATN

Question 26

What is the main symptom of balkan endemic nephropathy?

Answer 26

Gross hematuria

Question 27

High or low urine pH can result in false positive protein detection?

Answer 27

Alkaline urine

Question 28

Contrast location of skin lesions in acquired perforating dermatosis and porphyria cutanea tarda?

Answer 28

APD: Friction areas PCT: Sun exposed areas

Question 29

What is the pathophysiology and treatment of cystinosis?

Answer 29

Pathophysiology: lysosomal cystine accumulation (PTECs) Treatment: PO + IO cysteamine

Question 30

Contrast renal lesions seen in VHL and TSC?

Answer 30

VHL: clear cell carcinoma TSC: angiomyolipomas

Question 31

What is the drug used to treat angiomyolipomas > 3 cm?

Answer 31

mTori

Question 32

Most renal cyst infections are cultured to be what organism?

Answer 32

E. coli

Question 33

Best antihypertensive for breastfeeding patient?

Answer 33

Labetalol

Question 34

Inheritance pattern and pathophysiology of Dent Disease?

Answer 34

X-linked recessive Lysosomal CLCN5 defect

Question 35

Inheritance pattern and pathophysiology of Pendred Syndrome?

Answer 35

Autosomal recessive Pendrin issue (goiter, hearing loss)

Question 36

What is the mechanism of kidney injury for the following drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids? Synthetic cathinones? Cocaine? Ketamine? MDMA?

Answer 36

Synthetic cannabinoids: ATN Synthetic cathinones: rhabdomyolysis Cocaine: rhabdomyolysis Ketamine: obstruction MDMA: rhabdomyolysis

Question 37

Propofol can cause benign ________ crystalluria?

Answer 37

uric acid

Question 38

5-ASA mechanism of kidney injury?

Answer 38

Interstitial nephritis

Question 39

Contrast appearance of urinary acyclovir crystals and sulfa crystals?

Answer 39

Acyclovir: needle shaped Sulfa: fan shaped

Question 40

Which drugs can be prophylactically used to prevent flares of: Hypokalemic periodic paralysis? Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis? Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis?

Answer 40

Hypokalemia periodic paralysis: acetazolamide Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: HCTZ Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: propranolol

Question 41

Inheritance patterns for the following conditions: Fabry disease? Dent disease? Cystinosis? Bartter syndrome? Gitleman syndrome? Gordon syndrome? Liddle syndrome? Pendred syndrome? Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism?

Answer 41

Fabry = X linked Dent = X lined recessive Cystinosis = Autosomal recessive Bartter = Autosomal recessive Gitleman = Autosomal recessive Gordon = Autosomal dominant Liddle = Autosomal dominant Pendred = Autosomal recessive GRA = Autosomal dominant

Question 42

ARPKD is associated with what biliary disorder?

Answer 42

Biliary duct dilation

Question 43

Euglycemic DKA can be seen with what class of drugs?

Answer 43

SGLT2i

Question 44

Which antihypertensive agent has uricosuric effects?

Answer 44

Losartan

Question 45

What is the ideal vein diameter for AVF creation?

Answer 45

> 2.5 mm

Question 46

How does the volume status differ in SIADH and CSW?

Answer 46

Euvolemic (SIADH) and hypovolemic (CSW)

Question 47

What UOsm levels are seen in those with polyuria secondary to solute diuresis vs water diuresis?

Answer 47

UOsm > 600 mOsm/kg with solute diuresis UOsm < 300 mOsm/kg with water diuresis (ie DI)

Question 48

What is the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome in long-standing dialysis patient?

Answer 48

B2 microglobulin accumulation

Question 49

Colchicine toxicity is increased if one is also on what class of antibiotics?

Answer 49

Macrolides

Question 50

What is the treatment for pheochromocytoma prior to surgery?

Answer 50

Phenoxybenzamine--> beta blocker--> high salt diet

Question 51

Deficiency in FGF23 OR klotho can result in what condition?

Answer 51

Familial tumoral calcinosis

Question 52

What type of PKD1 mutation results in highest ESKD risk?

Answer 52

Truncating mutation

Question 53

Which antihypertensive is associated with cardiac tamponade?

Answer 53

Minoxidil

Question 54

Carotid artery stenosis screen should occur in patients diagnosed with ________?

Answer 54

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 55

Which conditions are more associated with proximal vs distal renal artery stenosis?

Answer 55

Proximal = atherosclerosis Distal = fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 56

Phenytoin can decrease serum levels of ____________?

Answer 56

25OH vitamin D

Question 57

True or False: Estrogen can raise blood pressure?

Answer 57

True

Question 58

What is the treatment for X linked hypophosphatemia?

Answer 58

Barosumab (FGF inhibitor)

Question 59

What is the treatment for glucocorticoid remedial aldosteronism?

Answer 59

Corticosteroids + Spironolactone

Question 60

What is the pathophysiology and treatment for Geller's Syndrome?

Answer 60

3rd trimester hypertension due to progesterone mediated mineralocorticoid activation Treated with delivery and avoidance of spironolactone