colour of Ni2+ ions
green
colour of Cu2+ ions
blue
tools used in titration
- volumetric flask
-pipette - burette
priority order of naming organic compounds
HIGHEST
- carboxyllic acid
-amide
-aldehyde
-ketone
-alcohol
-amine
-alkene
-alkyne
is a high cloudpoint good
NO
enviro impacts of reacting methane w h2o
- depends on source of methane
- if methane is derived from a source like biogas- lower impact bc decrease greenhouse emissions
- if methane derived from fossil fuels = non renewable and increase co2 released
electrolysis of water enviro impact
- depends on source of electrical energy
- if energy derived from renewables eg wind or solar = C neutral and no CO2 release
-if coal or gas is used to produce electrical energy Co2 will be released in order to produce CO2
controlled variable in electroplating
- time
- voltage applied
what is the purpose of an electrode
- catalyst
- conductor of electricity
Mno4- reduction
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- -> Mn2+ + 4H2O
Cr207 (2-) reaction
Cr2O7(2-) + 14H+ + 6e- -> 2Cr(3+) + 7H2O
direct reaction
reactants mixed directly in a beaker
-releases heat (thermal energy)
indirect reaction
when reaction occurs when the reactants are in 2 seperate containers
- connected by a wire
- produce electrical energy rather than thermal as e- are transferred
limitation of predictions
- change in temp - may be too slow
- non standard condition - potentially another product may form
- conditions and exp design - diff voltage
electrolyte
source of ions which are used to allow for the flow of electric charge within the cell
fuel vs galvanic cell
- both convert chemical to electrical
-fuel cell has porous electrodes (contain catalyst) hw galvanic has non porous el.
-fuel cell = ongoing supply of reactants in an open system hw gal. = closed system w r+P
-fuel cells = seperate w/in same vessel while g. = seperate vessels - fuel cells cont. release products hw g. stores products
consideration of H2
- highly flammable
- colourless , tasteless and odourless so hard to detect
- explosive at higher conc.
- high energy content by weight
safety implications for fuels
- away from naked flames (flammable)
-well ventilated areas
-use of extinguishers and fire blankets
energy trans to generate electricity from natural gas
chemical - thermal - thermal of steam - mechanical - electrical
faraday 1st law of electrolysis
the amount of any substance discharged at an electrode during electrolysis is directly prop. to the quantity of electric charge passed through the cell
- mass lost at anode = mass gained at cathode - influences accuracy
faraday 2nd law of electrolysis
the amount (in mol) of any substance discharged at an electrode during electrolysis is the reciprocal of the charge of an ion
- greater charge on ion - greater electrical charge required to discharge the ion
a large sample will
increase reliability
describe the diff bw hydrolysis of a protein and denaturation
- hydrolysis = disrupt seq of amino acids (primary) by breaking peptide bonds ( covalent)
- denaturation X influence primary - disrupts bond in tertiary and secondary structure (H bonds) - makes protein non functional
why is taking an average important
- average allows for a more accurate conclusion to be made and will remove outliers = closer within a narrow range
-representative of the data set
