missed stuff

Question 1

are fibrillations associated with UMN or LMN issues

Answer 1

LMN

Question 2

are fine motor movements controlled by upper or lower motor neurons

Answer 2

upper

Question 3

in the spinal cord, flexors are located __ and extensors are located __

Answer 3

dorsally, ventrally

Question 4

what is the electrolyte balance of endolymph

Answer 4

high in potassium, low in sodium

Question 5

cardiac rhabdomyomas are associated with what condition

Answer 5

tuberous sclerosis

Question 6

what gives rise to cell bodies of afferent neurons

Answer 6

neural crest cells

Question 7

The cerebellum is a derivative of…

Answer 7

the metencephalon

Question 8

A failure in the differentiation of neural crest cells during embryonic development can result in what deficit

Answer 8

absence of PNS ganglia in the abdomen

Question 9

what cell type gives rise to CNS cell populations

Answer 9

neuroepithelial

Question 10

how does GABA work

Answer 10

it binds to its receptor, which is a Cl- ion channel. the binding leads to an inful of Cl- and hyperpolarization, inhibiting action

Question 11

which condition features flattening of the caudate nucleus

Answer 11

huntington’s

Question 12

what neurotransmitter can lead to toxic cellular events if left in the synaptic cleft and not cleared out

Answer 12

glutamate. too much of it being left means hyperexcitation of neurons, which ultimately damages them.

Question 13

During active movement, what does the discharge frequency of individual corticospinal neurons in the primary motor cortex influence

Answer 13

contraction strength of individual muscles

Question 14

what is the significance of activating gamma motor neurons

Answer 14

keeps spindles responsive to stretch during muscle shortening

Question 15

what is the function of local circuit neurons that span the cord to connect medial grey matter

Answer 15

they aid in postural control

Question 16

what are signs of cerebellum issues

Answer 16

movements that are not executed according to plan/jerking movements

Question 17

what are targets for DBS in parkinsons

Answer 17

substantia nigra and globus pallidus

Question 18

what dopaminergic pathway is associated with schizophrenia

Answer 18

mesolimbic (midbrain to limbic system)

Question 19

what does the mesocortical pathway do

Answer 19

dopaminergic pathway connecting the midbrain to the prefrontal cortex

Question 20

what is the nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 20

dopaminergic pathway between substantia nigra and striatum

Question 21

what is anterior cord syndrome

Answer 21

damage to the anterior2/3rds of the spinal cord causes bilateral LMN deficit at the level of the lesion, spinothalamic deficity, and UMN deficit below the lesion. basically, everything but DCML gets fucked