Mitosis

Question 0

Three phases of interphase

Answer 0

• G1 - first growth phase
• S - synthesis phase
• G2 - second growth phase

Question 1

Two parts of the cell cycle

Answer 1

• Interphase
• Mitosis

Question 2

Occurs during G1 phase of interphase

Answer 2

• Cell growth
• preparation for DNA replication

Question 3

Occurs during S-phase of interphase

Answer 3

DNA replicated (chromatid duplication)

Question 4

Parts of a duplicated chromosome

Answer 4

• Two sister chromatids
• Centromere

Question 5

Inefficient if surface area to volume ration is too small

Answer 5

Nutrient and waste exchange by the cell

Question 6

Reason for cell division by mitosis

Answer 6

• Growth - cells divide forming more cells for growth
• Repair - repair and renew injured, old or worn out cells
• Reproduction - bacteria and protists reproduce asexually by binary fission or budding

Question 7

Location of mitosis in plants

Answer 7

Apical and lateral meristem in plants

Question 8

Animal tissues continuously replaced by mitosis

Answer 8

• Epithelium and connective tissues
• Fairly frequently for repair: liver, skin

Question 9

Two division processes necessary for cell division

Answer 9

• Karyokinesis - nucleus division
• Cytokinesis - cytoplasm division

Question 10

Four phases of mitosis

Answer 10

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

Question 11

Features of prophase in animal cells

Answer 11

• Centrosomes start to form spindle
• Centrosomes start to move towards poles
• Chromosomes made of two chromatids condense to become visible
• Nuclear membrane starts to break down

Question 12

Features of prophase in plant cells

Answer 12

• Spindle forms without centrosomes
• Chromosomes with two chromatids condense
• Nuclear membrane starts to break down

Question 13

Features of metaphase

Answer 13

• Nuclear membrane has disappeared
• Chromosomes line up along equator region
• Chromosomes attached to spindle fibre

Question 14

Features of anaphase

Answer 14

• Chromatids of chromosome separate
• Spindle fibres pull daughter chromosomes to opposite poles

Question 15

Features of telophase in animal cells

Answer 15

• Nuclear membrane starts to form in each daughter cell
• Chromosomes start to form chromatin network
• Cytokinesis starts by the cell membrane constricting

Question 16

Features of telophase in plant cells

Answer 16

• Nuclear membrane starts to form in each daughter cell
• Chromosomes form chromatin network
• Cytokinesis starts by cell plate formation at the equator

Question 17

Different kinds of cancer

Answer 17

• Carcinomas - epithelium
• Leukaemia - blood and lymph
• Sarcomas - other connective tissue

Question 18

a cancer cell

Answer 18

• A cell with its cell cycle control system disrupted
• These cells divide uncontrollably

Question 19

Tumour

Answer 19

A mass of cancer cells

Question 20

Two types of tumour

Answer 20

• Benign - stay in one location
• Malignant - cells of tumour spread to other locations in the body

Question 21

Metastasis

Answer 21

The process of a malignant tumour leaving the first site of cancer and invading other organs and tissues

Question 22

Carcinogen

Answer 22

A factor causing cancer

Question 23

Example carcinogens

Answer 23

• Faulty genes (inherited)
• Radiation
• Smoking
• Hormonal imbalances
• Processed foods
• Pollutants and pesticides
• Viruses

Question 24

Three common methods of treating cancer

Answer 24

* Surgery * Chemotherapy * Radiotherapy

Question 25

Surgery as a treatment for cancer

Answer 25

Cut out tumour cells with a scalpel or laser

Question 26

Chemotherapy as a treatment for cancer

Answer 26

* Chemicals that kill cancer cells or * Stop their DNA from making new cells * injections or tablets

Question 27

Radiotherapy as a treatment for cancer

Answer 27

* Machines emitting radiation * Injections of radioactive compounds * Capsules of radioactive substances

Question 28

Complementary therapy

Answer 28

* Alternative treatments that can be used together with other treatments in treating a disease. * They do not negatively effect each other or harm the patient. * E.g. Teas to alleviate nausea during chemotherapy

Question 29

cell phase

Answer 29

anaphase * spindle fibres separate sister chromatids * retract pullting them towards poles

Question 30

cell phase

Answer 30

late prophase of mitosis * nulear membrane still disappearing * chromosomes condensed and clearly visible

Question 31

cell phase

Answer 31

metaphase of mitosis * chromosomes lined up along equator

Question 32

cell phase

Answer 32

telophase of mitosis * chromosomes at opposite 'poles' * cytokinesis starting * two nuclear membranes forming

Question 33

cell phase

Answer 33

early prophase of mitosis * spindle apparatus just starting to form * chromosomes start condensing * nuclear membrane starts to break down