Shielding in a period is
the same throughout
atomic radius trend and reason for trend
increase toward bottom left because atoms get bigger down the group and have lower electroneg towards left
electroneg trend and reason for trend
increase towards top right because atomic radius is smalller therefore nucleus has a stronger pull on outer electrons.
ionization energy trend and reason for trend
increase towards top right because atomic radius is smaler therefore nucleus has a stronger hold on outer electrons making them require more energy to be removed
Facors that affect ionisaton energy
shielding
distance from nucleus
Nuclear charge (no of protns vs no of elecs)
DiSC
Dist & shieding increase = lower I.E
nuclear charge decrease = higher I.E
shieding increases
down a group
Inter molecular forces
non bonded interactions
dont involve electron transfers
result of constant random movements in the shes
Difference betweeen pd-pd and id-id
Id-id are temporarily induced by another dipoe and are always aigned
pd-pd are atrracted to the opposite charge of another permanent dipole and are less frequently aligned
Hess law states
Enth change of a reaction is independant of the route that is taken
optical isomers are
non superimposable mirror images of each other
chiral centre
carbon that is bonded to 4 different groups
SN1 is
substitution
Tertiary alcohols cant be
oxidised
secondary alcohols oxidise to form
ketones
Primary alcohols oxidise to form ____ then _____
aldehydes (+ water ) then carbox acids
color change in tests with carbonyls
aldehyde changes color
ketone typically doesnt change
sn1 occurs in
tertiary haloalkanes
multiplre steps
sn2 occurs in
primary haloalkanes
1 step
has a transition state
