Mixed Topic For Mocks Flashcards by Shayan Rafique

Why does ionisation energy decrease down the group

Greater atomic radius means distance from nucleus to outer electrons increases meaning electrostatic attraction decreases so less energy required

Shielding increases due to more electron shells between nucleus and outer electron. Energy required decreases

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Define successive ionisation energy

The removal of more than 1 electron from the same atom

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1st ionisation energy blips in period 3
(Write out electronic configuration)
Explain dips from Aluminium to Magnesium and Phosphorus to sulfur

Aluminum has a lower IE than Mg as it has a 3p1 electron which is in a higher energy level and so slightly further from the nucleus so electrostatic attraction decreases[EVIDENCE FOR SUBSHELLS]

Sulfur has a very slight dip as it has 3p4 while phosphorus has 3p3. This means sulfur has 2 electrons with opposite spins in 1 3p orbital leading to electron electron repulsion so less energy required
SHIELDING STAYS CONSTANT

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What is Ionic bonding and do they transfer or share electrons

They transfer electrons
Electrostatic attraction between 2 oppositly charged ions

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How will an ion have a high charge density

If it has a smaller Ionic radius and a higher charge

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Covalent bond definition and do they share electrons

Electrostatic attraction between shared electrons and the positive nucleus

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Explain the bonding in carbon monoxide

Has a double covalent bond and also has a coordinate bond

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Why do shorter bonds have a higher bond enthalpy

They have a greater electron density so a greater attractive force this means the atoms are pulled in towards each other

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How many bonding and lone pairs does the seesaw shape have
Give an example

4 bond pairs
1 lone pair
SF4

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Name the shape with 3 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs and give an example
And bond angles

Distorted T shape
87.5
CIF3

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Why do straight chain hydrocarbons have a higher melting point than branched chain hydrocarbons

Branched HC means they can’t pack together so it reduces the surface area available for intermolecular reactions so london forces are weakened

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Why is ice less dense than water

Ice forms a solid regular strucutre held by HBs. This means the molecules are further apart making ice less dense

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What are the 3 things required for a substance to dissolve

Solvent bond must break
Substance bonds must break
New bonds formed between solvent and substance

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Methods of disposing plastics and explain reasoning and cons of each method

Landfill(used when plastics are too difficult to recycle, not economically viable,NOT SUSTAINABLE and expensive)

Remoulding plastics such as polypropene
Other plastics can be cracked into monomers for organic feedstock

Incineration- burning plastics to generate electricity
But can release toxic fumes such as PVC eland HCL gas

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Sustainable polymers what are the requirements

Reactants that are environmentally friendly

Use little and low hazard solvents

Use renewable raw materials

Energy should be as low as possible which can be done via catalysts

Reduce Waste products for toxic products

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Explain biodegradable polymers and why they decompose naturally

BP decompose under certain conditions by organisms

BP made from both oil fractions and renewable sources

They are more expensive than non renewable

However biodegradable plastics require a good supply of oxygen and moisture

Crude oil not needed
Plant based polymers degrade and release CO2

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Define homologous series

The homologous series of a group of compounds have the same functional group and general formula

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Function of catalytic converters and what is needed

Help reduce amount of unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen going into the atmosphere

They convert harmful gases like CO,NOx into CO2,N2(less harmful)

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Reaction of Nitrogen monoxide to Nitrogen and oxygen

2NO –> N2 plus O2

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Water plus Halogenoalkane? what is formed and what is the reaction called and conditions

Reacts with water via a nucleophilic substitution reaction

Heat with water

Alcohol H+ X-

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Why do haloalkanes become more Reactive down the group

The halide ion gets larger down the group and this leads to a weaker bond
So less energy required to overcome these forces

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Compare Reaction conditions of OH- reacting with haloalkane v CN- reacting with haloalkane

Study These Flashcards

BOTH are Nuc sub
BOTH in reflux
CN- requires warm ethanolic KOH
OH- requires warm aqueous NaOH

Haloalkane plus ammonia reaction and conditions

Study These Flashcards

Heat with ethanolic ammonia
Must have excess ammonia

How can rate of reaction be measured list the 5

Study These Flashcards

Electrical conductivity
Amount of mass lost
Volume of gas produced using a gas syringe over time
Change in pH
Change in concentration via a titration

Is the pH of a weak acid strong base titration above or below 7

Below 7

What is the form of a rate equation

Rate = K[A][B] A and B can have powers between 0 and 2

Units for rate

Moldm^(-3)s^(-1)

Units for concentration

Moldm^(-3)

State 3 assumptions for a clock reaction and what is a clock reaction

A clock reaction is where you time how long it takes for a reaction to occur Assumptions: Temperature of reaction is constant Concentration of reactants does not change significantly Reaction has not proceeded too far

Explain how the half life can help us deduce the order of the graph

0 order: Half life decreases 1st order: Half life is constant 2nd order: Half life increases

What does water plus steam produce And conditions

Acid catalyst such as H+ Produces alcohols

How to form a diol from an alkene

Add potassium manganate in acidic conditions to oxidise the double bond and produce a diol

Alkene plus hydrogen what does ir produce and reagents required

Produces an alkane Nickel catalyst

Rate of reaction definition

The change in concentration of product or reactants over time Amount of reactant lost or amount of product made over time

Collision theory

Particles must collide with the minimum amount of kinetic energy Must collide with the right orientation

Why does a small increase in temperature lead to a large increase in rate of reaction

Due to a combination of more collisions and more energetic collisions

Why does higher pressure and concentration increase rate of reaction

Particles collide and more closer together There are more frequent collisions and have a higher chance of reaction More successful collisions

Affect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction

Increases rate of reaction without being used up Lowers activation energy Provides an alternative pathway for reaction

Difference between heterogenous and homogenous catalysts

Heterogenous catalysts act in a different state/phase from reactants Homogenous catalysts a catalysts that acts in the same phase as the reactants

Steps of a heterogenous catalyst

Adsorption- reactants bind on the surface of the catalyst Bonds weaken- bonds in the reactants weaken and break to form radicals Desorption- the new molecules are released from the surface of the catalyst

Uses of catalysts

Lowers the temperature needed for the reaction Speeds up the reaction by providing an alternative pathway for reaction Changes properties of the product

What is dynamic equilibrium

When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction

What is Le chateliers principle

If a reaction at equilibrium is subjected to a change in pressure, temperature or concentration. The position of equilibrium will move to counteract the change

Things to remember for a Le Chateliers principle 6 marker

More pressure and more temperature leads to higher cost A lower temperature means a lower rate of reaction Compromise between yield and rate

What affects the value of Kc

Adding a catalyst has no effect on the value of Kc Only temperature affects Kc

Define a transition metal

A d block element that can form at least one stable ion with a partially filled incomplete d subshell

How to make a standard solution

1.Weight out amount of solid using a balance and weighing boat 2. Transfer the solid from weighing boat into the beaker Wash any solid behind into beaker using deionised water 3. Dissolve fully and stir 4. Transfer solution into a volumetric flask

What is uncertainty

Is the degree of error your measurements have with a piece of equipment Uncertainty is half the smallest increment with a ±

What's the formula for the Gringard reagent

R-MgX where X is a halogen Often used with dry ether

What is the Gringard reagent used for

To reduce ketones and aldehydes into secondary and tertiary alcohols To reduce esters and acyl chlorides to alcohols

Conditions for haloalkane plus excess ammonia

Excess ammonia Heat with ethanolic ammonia Heat in a sealed tube Ethanol solvent

Why do gringard reagents need to be kept dry

They are highly Reactive and can react with water to produce hydrocarbons To prevent this, it's essential to keep everything dry

Explain why CL2 can act as an electrophile even though its symmetrical

The chlorine molecule moves closer to the electron rich double bond This induces a partial positive charge

Explain how london forces arises

Random movements of electrons Instantaneous dipole Induces a second dipole in adjacent molecule

Mixed Topic For Mocks Flashcards

(54 cards)