Define Immunology
The study of how a host reacts to a foreign substance entering the body.
What are the two types of Immunity?
- Innate
- Adaptive
Define Innate Immunity
Non-learning immunity that provides instant protection.
What are the components of the First Line of Defense in Innate Immunity?
- Physical barriers like skin and cilia
- Chemical barriers like pH, urine, sweat
What is Phagocytosis?
The process where cells eat larger particles, involving monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and NK cells.
What are the steps involved in Phagocytosis?
- Initiation
- Chemotaxis
- Opsonization
- Adherence
- Engulfment
- Digestion
What are the four signs of Inflammation?
- Redness
- Heat
- Pain
- Swelling
What are Acute-phase proteins?
Proteins with plasma concentrations that change in response to inflammation.
What role do Cytokines play in the immune system?
They regulate the immune system by signaling.
Define Adaptive Immunity
Can learn and adapt; immune response is slower but lasts longer.
What are the two types of Adaptive Immunity?
- Humoral (B cells, antibodies/immunoglobulins)
- Cell-mediated (T cells, APCs)
What are B lymphocytes associated with?
Humoral immunity, transforming into plasma cells to make antibodies/immunoglobulins.
What is Active Immunity?
Memory long-term immunity developed after exposure to an antigen.
Give an example of Natural Active Immunity.
Antibodies created after an exposure to an antigen.
What is Passive Immunity?
No memory short-term immunity received from another source.
Give an example of Artificial Passive Immunity.
Antibodies received from another person.
Define Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
Macrophages that capture antigens and present them to T helper cells.
What are the two types of T Cells?
- CD4 T-helper cell
- CD8 T-cytotoxic cell
Differentiate between long-term and short-term immunity.
- Long-term (Adaptive): Can learn and adapt, slower response
- Short-term (Innate): Non-learning, instant protection
What are Primary Lymphoid Organs?
- Bone Marrow (matures B cells)
- Thymus (matures T cells)
Outline the two cell lines starting with Stem Cell.
- Myeloid stem cell: forms RBCs, platelets, granulocytes
- Lymphoid stem cell: forms lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells
What are Secondary Lymphoid Organs?
- Spleen
- Lymph Nodes
Define Immunogen
A macromolecule that can trigger an adaptive immune response and produce antibodies.
What is an Antigen?
A foreign substance that causes an immune response.
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