0
Q
Define insulin:
A
Breaks down sugar from absorption
1
Q
Define glucose:
A
Sugar
2
Q
Define hyperglycaemia:
A
High blood sugar
3
Q
Define hypogylcemia/ insulin shock
A
Low blood sugar
4
Q
Define subcutaneous:
A
Below skin (fatty tissue)
5
Q
Define Polyuria:
A
Excessive urination
6
Q
Define polydipsia:
A
Excessive (extreme) thirst
7
Q
Define polyphagia:
A
Excessive hunger
8
Q
What is a normal blood sugar:
A
4-7mmol
9
Q
When does blood sugar increase:
A
When we eat.
- not unusual to have a BG reading of up to 11mmol PC meals
10
Q
Some causes of diabetes:
A
Genetics Lifestyle Age Wt Inactivity Diet
11
Q
Signs and symptoms of hyporglycemia/ insulin shock:
A
- cold clammy skin
- trembling
- lack of motor coordination
- fatigue
- confusion
- blurred vision
- headache
- dizziness
- nausea
- fainting
- unconsciousness
12
Q
Signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia:
A
- increased thirst
- increased urination
- sweet odour to the breath
- fatigue
- confusion
- high levels of keystones in urine
- wt loss
- blurred vision
- dry mouth
13
Q
When checking a diabetics foot what should you look for?
A
- cracks: they don’t produce oil normally so their feet tend to dry and crack quicker. Put creams on their feet, but avoid between toes
- blisters: caused from not proper fitting shoes
- open areas: ulcers
- redness:
- calluses:
- corns: send them to foot care clinic
14
Q
What is the psw role when working with a diabetic
A
- help with diet
- encourage excercise
- check blood sugar
- check feet
- might have to give them insulin
15
Q
Should u cut a diabetics toe nail:
A
Never
16
Q
Define Ileostomy:
A
- It is in the sml intestine. Stoma is between the ilium and admoninal.
- Food goes here first when digesting
- It is in liquid form
*It can be reversed
17
Q
Define Colostomy:
A
- Lg intestine: a stoma between the colon and abdominal wall
- flatus/feces pass through the stoma (thickened, more formed, looks like poop)
- location depends on the site of the disease or injury.
*It can be reversible
18
Q
How to do colostomy care:
A
- get supplies
- look for skin breakdown& redness
- only wash skin with water, only use soap if focus is on skin, rather then that avoid soap as it can leave a drying film on the skin
- ensure skin is dry or barrier won’t stick properly
- measure your stoma
- cut barrier as close as possible to the stoma without touching the stoma. This helps prevent skin break down.
- apply paste to barrier
- position barrier& push so it seals properly
- put on pouch so it hangs straight down
- put end on one half of clip. Fold and clip. Make sure to hear the clip snap
19
Q
What can casts be made from:
A
Plastic, fibre or plaster
20
Q
Fibre glass casts
A
Dry quickly
21
Q
Plaster casts:
A
- Can take up to 24-48h to dry
- are inflated to compress the injury or fracture.
- keep plaster cast dry
- do not let the ct insert anything in the cast to scratch with. Can cause skin break down, which then can lead to infections.
- elevate to prevent edema
22
Q
When cast caring report immediately when?
A
- pain: warning signs that there may be pressure ulcers, poor circulation or nerve damage.
- swelling or c/o tight cast
- numbness
- pale skin
- cyanosis
- chills, fever, nausea, odour or drainage under cast.
23
Q
What is Osteoporosis?
A
- bones are porous& brittle& can break easily
- affects the hips, spine and wrists
- most common is post-menopausal women
24
Cause and risk factors of Osteoporosis:
- drop in estrogen in women or testosterone
- being confined to a bed
- certain medical conditions
- family hx
- low body wt
- drinking lg amount of alcohol
- smoking
25
Constipation
A condition in which bowel movements are less frequent than usaul , the stool is hard ,dry and difficult to pass
26
Defecation
The process of excreting feces from the rectum through the anus (Bowel movement)
27
melena
Dark, Tarry stools containing decomposing blood ( usually an indication of bleeding in the sm. intestine.
28
describe normal feces
brown with odour, soft , formed and bowel shaped
29
7 things that should be reported about feces?
```
frequency
amount
colour
size
consistency
odour
pain
```
30
what constitutes as diarrhea ?
more than 3 liquid stools in a 24 hr period
31
6 causes of fecal incontinence?
```
nervous system diseases
injuries
fecal impaction
diarrhea
medication
delayed bathroom requested
```
32
4 causes of flatuence
swallowing air while drinking/eating
bacterial action in the intestine
gas forming foods(beans,)
Sx
- constipation
- medication
33
what might a doctor order to relieve flatulence ?
medication
rectal tubes
enemas
34
why do we bowel train?
to gain control of bowel movements
| to develop a pattern
35
what is a suppository
a coned shaped solid medication inserted into the rectum
36
what is an enema?
fluid put in to the rectum
37
3 reasons why a stool sample might be collected?
to identify fats or blood in the stool
parasites(worms)
abnormal contents
38
glucosuria
sugar in the urine
39
5 factors that affect urine production
```
age
dietary salt
disease
medication
different kinds of fluids ( tea/coffee/alcohol/meds)
```
40
2 more terms for urination?
micturition and voiding
41
describe normal urine?
pale yellow , straw colored, or amber appears clear with no particles, there faint odour
42
4 things you should report about urine ?
looks abnormal
smells abnormal
burning or pain
increased urgency
43
Nocturia
excessive urination at night; especially common in older men
44
hematuria
the presence of blood or blood cells in the urine
45
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
46
What is Fibromyalgia ?
Wide spread musculoskeletal pain
47
Risk factors of Fibromyalgia ...
Genetics, infections, physical or emotional trauma, sex, family hx
48
Guidelines for Hot and cold application to injuries
Ice first , heat second ,
Do not apply directly to skin
Alternate 10 minutes on/off alternating hot/cold
49
HTN
hyper tension - high blood pressure
50
Causes of HTN ( high blood pressure )
Smoking, obesity, diabeties, seditary lifestyle , stress, medications,
51
Signs and Symptoms of HTN (high blood pressure)
```
Breathlessness
Headache
Fatigue
Confusion
Vomit
Sweating
Blurred vision
Red face
```
52
Treatment for HTN (high blood pressure)
Medication
| Lifestyle change
53
What is CAD?
Coronary Artery Disease - plaque build up in arteries
54
What is Angina Pectoris?
Chest pain / discomfort that occurs when your heart doesn't get enough blood.
55
Causes of CAD (coronary artery disease)
```
Diabeties
Family history
Increased for males
Obesity
Smoking
```
56
signs and symptoms of CAD (coronary artery disease)
```
Chest pain
May feel tightness
Begins slowly and increases
Sweating
Shortness of breath
```
57
Treatment of CAD
Nitroglycerin
Diet changes
Blood thinners
Stent
58
What is myocardial infraction?
Heart attack
59
Causes of myocardial infraction
```
Diabetes
Family history
Hypertension (HTN)
Drug abuse
Decreased activity
Smoking
```
60
Treatment of a myocardial infraction
Surgery - angioplasty - opens blocked artery
Bypass - a stent
Lifestyle
Medication
61
What is cardiac arrest ?
The sudden unexpected loss of heart function breathing and consciousness
Different from a heart attack
62
What is CHF.
CHF is congestive heart failure
63
Causes of CHF (congestive heart failure)
Artherosclerosis
Heart attack
Infections that weaken the heart muscle
64
Signs and Symptoms of CHF
```
Cough
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Weakness
Weight gain
```
65
Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure.
Decreased sodium intake
Diuretics
Compression stalking
66
dysuria
painful or difficult urination.
67
6 reasons reasons for urinary incontinence?
```
stress incontinence
urge incontenance
over flow incontenence
functional incontenance
reflex inncontenence
Sx
```
68
whats the function of a cathater?
a tube used to drain/inject fluid
69
types urine specimens
random urine specimen / no speifications
midstream specimen / void a little then get specimen
24 hour specimen/all urine in 24 hr period
70
epilepsy
Epilepsy : a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
71
type of seizures
```
Generalized Seizures
(Produced by the entire brain) Symptoms
1. "Grand Mal" or Generalized tonic-clonic Unconsciousness, convulsions, muscle rigidity
2. Absence Brief loss of consciousness
3. Myoclonic Sporadic (isolated), jerking movements
4. Clonic Repetitive, jerking movements
5. Tonic Muscle stiffness, rigidity
6. Atonic
```
72
Tx of epilepsy
meds
surgery
diet
73
epilepsy role
- stay with them
- fist aid
- time the seizure
- reassurance
- safe place
- document
74
steps to empty a urine collection bag:
1. Wash your hands well with soap and water.
2. Place a clean container under the bag.
3. Put a small amount of alcohol on a gauze pad. Use the gauze to remove the lower cap on the bag and place it on a clean surface.
4. Let the urine flow into the container until the bag is empty. Try not to let the spout touch clothing, bed linen or the sides of the container.
5. Wipe the spout with a small amount of alcohol on a gauze pad. Put the lower cap back on the bag
6. Note the amount of urine, its colour and odour and whether you see any blood or sediment.
75
how much is the average urine output
1500- 2000ml/ 2L
76
Each time you empty a bag, please make sure to:
Check for any twists or kinks in the tubing that could stop the urine from flowing freely.
• Ensure that the catheter is taped firmly to the skin, close to where the catheter comes out (about 1 to 2 inches from where the catheter comes out).
• Pin the bags to the inside of your child’s clothing, so that the bag hangs lower than your child’s bladder. There should be enough room for the bag and tubing to move freely, close to your child’s body. Make sure that you do not puncture the bag with the pin.
77
Follow these steps to clean the catheter site:
1.Wash your hands well with soap and water before you start.
2. Remove all dressings from the catheter sites. If the gauze has dried to the skin, use a small amount of saline to dampen and loosen the gauze.
3. Check all catheter sites for bleeding, drainage, redness or swelling. Wash your hands again. You may use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if you are alone and cannot leave your child to wash your hands again.
4. Put some betadine on a sterile gauze pad.
5. Use the gauze to clean around the catheter site.
6. Put some saline on another serile gauze pad and wipe the site again.
7. Clean the next catheter site with betadine following the same steps.
8. Continue until all the catheter sites are clean.
9. Put some betadine on a clean gauze and clean scissors well. Wipe them dry with clean gauze. Open new sterile gauze and cut the gauze half way up in the middle. Place the gauze around each of the catheter sites. Secure with tape.
78
which inhaler do you use in an emergency ?
the blue one / it opens the airways
79
sputum?
is the mucous or phlegm that is coughed up from your lungs
80
when is the best time to collect spudum
morning
81
procedure for sputum collection
1. gargle with water
2. take 3 deep breaths in an out
3. open jar and spit in specimen
4. seal tightly
5. put in bag
6. put in fridge / is only good for 3 days
82
PSW role & edema
- reduce fluids
- diaretics
- elevate feet
- ensure compression stockings are on
83
COPD =Cronic obstructive pulmonary disease
S+S
coughing with sputum
wheezing/ sob+soboe (dyspnea)
heavy and tight feeling /chest infections
84
chronic bronchitis
- airways swell and become blocked with mucus/ damage to avaoli/ progressive
S+S
coughing with sputum
wheezing/ sob+soboe (dyspnea)
heavy and tight feeling /chest infections
85
TB
is contagious and is a bacterial infection / this must be reported to public health, this is an airborne so a negative pressure room and n95 mask is mandatory. TB can be dormant in your body. people at risk are compromised immune system or have pre-existing lung conditions, crowed living conditions ,poor nutrition and health care workers
S+S
fever,cough,fatigue, SOB,wheezing,chest pain,
86
pneumonia
Is infected fluid in the lungs, it could be either bacterial or viral / aspiration pneumonia
S+S
fever,cough,fatigue,SOB,wheezing, chest pain , loss of appetite,stabby pain,
TX
antibiotics
breath excersises
87
Definition of Parkinson's Disease
It is a progessive disorder of the nervous system that affects your movement. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a slight tremor in one hand. The disease also commonly causes stiffness & slowing of movements.
88
S&S of Parkinson's Disease
- tremors
- slowed movements
- rigid muscles
- loss of automotive movements
- speech changes
- writing changes
89
Cause of Parkinson's Disease
Certain nerve cells (neurones) in the brain gradually breakdown or die. Many symptoms are due to the loss of neurones that produce a chemical messenger in your brain called Dopamine. When Dopamine levels decrease, it leads to abnormal brain activity, leading to signs of Parkinson's Disease.
90
TIA
Trans ischemic attack
| temporary blocking of a vessel in the brain ( up 2 min )
91
Tx for Parkinson's Disease
- home care is essential for parkinson's patient.
- Guided Imagery is a relaxation technique that uses positive mental images to influence how you feel.
-Speech Therapy ; Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) both can be helped by seeing a pathologist or speech therapist.
92
PSW Role for Parkinson's Disease
- maintaining quality of life
- keep track of appointments, medication and exercise.
- bathing
- dressing
- talking
- walking
- cleaning
- taking meds
93
what is DVT?
Deep vein thrombosis
94
What is a Pulmonary Embolus?
Blockage of an artery in the lungs.
95
What should a stoma look like?
A deep pink in colour, wet,no bigger then opening
96
What should a stoma not look like?
Stoma is swollen and is more than a half inch larger than normal. Pulling in, below the skin level. It is bleeding more than normal. It has turned purple, black, or white. The stoma is leaking often. A skin rash, or the skin around your stoma is raw.
A discharge from the stoma that smells bad.
The skin around the stoma is pushing out.
97
What should someone with a stoma not eat?
Gassy and spicy foods
98
What is Musculo-skeletal disorders?
Musculo-skeletal disorders affect bones, joints, muscles, and the ability to move. Some disorders are caused by injury, and others result from aging or disease. It is painful
99
Define paraplegic
No feeling from waist down
100
Define quadriplegic
No feeling in both arms and legs.
101
Define hemiplegic
No feeling on the one side
102
What is MS?
Multiple sclerosis or MS is a disease that affects the brain and spinal cord, resulting in loss of muscle control, vision, balance, and sensation (such as numbness). With MS, the nerves of the brain and spinal cord are damaged by one's own immune system.
There is no cure.
103
Signs and symptoms of MS.
```
Muscle weakness
Decreased coordination
Blurred or hazy vision
Eye pain
Double vision
```
104
What are the 5 signs of a stroke?
- weakness
- trouble speaking
- vision problems
- headache
- dizziness
105
What are the signs and symptoms of hearing problems?
* Speaking too loudly
* Leaning forward to hear
* Turning and cupping the unaffected ear toward the speaker
* Responding inappropriately
* Asking for words to be repeated
106
What is HIV?
“HIV” stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
H – Human – This particular virus can only infect human beings.
I – Immunodeficiency – HIV weakens your immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. A "deficient" immune system can't protect you.
V – Virus – A virus can only reproduce itself by taking over a cell in the body of its host.
107
Age related characteristics of cardiovascular
Heart pumps with less force
Arteries narrow and are less elastic.
Less blood flow through arteries
Poor circulation to lower extremities
108
Risk factors of cancer
* Alcohol abuse
* High-fat, high-calorie, low-fibre diet
* Exposure to radiation (including sun exposure)
* Exposure to certain chemicals (carcinogenic, or cancer-causing, agents)
* Hormones
* Viruses
* A family history of cancer
* Smoking
109
The 7 Signs and symptoms of cancer:
- Unusual bleeding/discharge. Discharge from any parts of your body, for example nipples, penis, etc.
- A sore which does not heal
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- Lump in breast or other part of the body
- Nagging cough
- Obvious change in moles
- Difficulty in swallowing
110
Define Benign tumour
It is non cancerous. It grows slowly and is contained in one area. Usually does not cause cancer
111
Define Malignant tumour
This tumour is cancerous. It grows rapidly and can invade other tissues and affect several body tissues. Can cause death if it cannot be controlled
112
What are the ABCs when observing a mole that could be cancerous?
- Asymmetry: Does the mole look the same in all parts or are there differences?
- Border: Are the borders sharp or ragged?
- Colour: What are the colours seen in the mole?
- Diameter: Is the mole bigger than a pencil eraser (6mm)?
113
What are the 4 stages of HIV
-stage1: (primary HIV infection):
Flu like symptoms. Lasts 2-4weeks, described as worse flu ever
-stage 2(the clinical latency stage):
a period where a virus is living or developing in a person without producing symptoms, mild symptoms, lasts up to 10 years.
-stage 3(Symptomatic HIV Infection):
Immune system weakens and symptoms become worse. Cancer usually develops.
-stage 4(Progression from HIV to AIDS):
-Rapid weight loss. -Recurring fever or profuse night sweats. -Extreme and unexplained tiredness,
-Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck. -Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week. -Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
-Pneumonia. -Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids. -Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders.
Mod 10
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