Pharma > mod 17 > Flashcards

mod 17 Flashcards

(91 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

are those agents that induce temporary paralysis of skeletal muscles

A

muscle relaxants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

• Many substances can cause muscle relaxation
• Few are used clinically for this purpose

A

muscle relaxants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Indication: Skeletal muscle relaxation may be
induced clinically to

A
  • restrain animal patients
  • to relieve muscular spasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

site of action of muscle relaxants

A

(a) CNS
(b) motor nerve fiber
(c) motor nerve terminal
(d) cholinergic receptors in motor-end plate
(e) skeletal muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

can relax skeletal muscles by depressing the flow of impulse along the somatic nerves

A

general anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

• Does not depress the CNS and no loss of consciousness
• sedation and tranquilization may occur

A

central acting muscle relaxant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

• They block internuncial neurons that are responsible for polysynaptic reflexes

A

central acting muscle relaxants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

drugs acting on the CNS are used clinically for

A

skeletal muscle spasm (e.g. vertebral disc portrusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 examples of drugs acting on the CNS

A

meprobamate, mephenesin, guaifenesin, methocarbamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in disc protrusion, what happens to the nerve root

A

compressed nerve root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Used as an adjunct to anesthesia to produce muscle relaxation and restraint for short procedures

A

guaifenesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

% of guaifenesin to cast horses and cattle

A

5% solution to cast (chemically restrain) horses and cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In horses under chloral hydrate narcosis, 3-4 mg/kg guaifenesin causes

A

abdominal muscle relaxation lasting for 10-15 minutes without significant respiratory depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

There is laryngeal paralysis to facilitate

A

endotracheal intubation of the
patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is a central-acting muscle relaxant that is used as an adjunct to rest and physical therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal injury.

A

methocarbamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

It has also been used to reduce muscular spasm associated with tetanus and methaldehyde or strychnine poisoning

A

methacarbamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

spasmodic, tonic contractions of the voluntary muscles by interfering with the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters from presynaptic nerve endings

A

tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is a pesticide

A

Strychnine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

onset of this is rapid and results in agitation, stiff gait, tremors, and seizures, leading to respiratory arrest and death

A

toxicosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cause muscle relaxation when applied on or around motor nerve fibers (e.g. epidural anesthesia)

A

local anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

not used for muscle relaxant effect, but are used more for the reason of sensory blockade

A

local anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Motor nerve blockade occurs in poisoning of this substances

A

botulinus toxin and aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

botulinus toxin and aminoglycosides prevent the release of what neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

at usual doses, may potentiate of their muscle relaxants including general anesthesia and neuromuscular blockers

A

aminoglycosides antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
3 examples of aminoglycosides
streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin
26
Drugs acting on nicotinic cholinergic receptors
acetylcholine antagonist
27
may reverse the effect of botulinus toxin
calcium
28
a group of acetylcholine antagonists that act on nicotinic receptors at the motor end plate.
neuromuscular blocking agents
29
2 classifications of neuromuscular blocking agents
depolarizing non-depolarizing
30
Competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors
NON-DEPOLARIZING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS
31
T or F NON-DEPOLARIZING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS has intrinsic activity
false
32
33
Used as an adjunct to general anesthesia
non depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs
34
are used to facilitate mechanical ventilation and endotracheal intubation
non depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs
35
enumerate drugs acting on motor end plate **(non depolarizing)**
D-tubocurarine (curare) Gallamine Pancuronium Atracurium Acuronium Vecuronium
36
charged quaternary ammonium
D-tubocurarine (curare)
37
T or F curare is richly absorbed from the gut
False
38
T or F curare is not metabolized but excreted unchanged in urine and bile
True
39
The skeletal muscle paralysis caused by curare consists of gradual decrease in muscle twitch amplitude leading to ____ ____
flaccid paralysis
40
when given IV, its onset of action is 5 min and causes a paralysis lasting for 20 to 30 min (sometimes up to 24h)
curare
41
The sequence of muscle blockade by curare is as follows:
eye muscle ➡️ neck muscles ➡️ extremities ➡️ abdominal muscles ➡️ intercostals muscles ➡️ diaphragm
42
T or F The sequence of recovery is the opposite of the blockade sequence
True
43
Clinical uses of d-tubocurarine (curare)
- d-tubocurarine can be given at a dose to relax the muscles, and then the patient can be placed on positive-pressure ventilation (respirator) - curare is used to obtain an adequate skeletal muscle relaxation at a lower plane of anesthesia, or blockade of impulse transmission across autonomic ganglia - In orthopedics it is administered to relieve muscle spasm while setting bone fractures
44
adverse effects of d-tubocurarine (curare)
- Transient hypotension - potentiation of hyperthermia - Hypokalemia - Hypocalcemia - paralyzing effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics
45
curare is antagonized by
neostigmine, anticholinesterases
46
this chemical salt from of Gallamine is 20% as potent as curare
triethiodide
47
It has little tendency to stimulate the release of histamine
**gallamine** triethiodide
48
eliminated entirely in the urine
**gallamine** triethiodide
49
salt form of Pancuronium that is 5 times more potent than curare
bromide
50
metabolized by hydroxylation
**pancuronium** bromide
51
it is excreted by the kidneys
**pancuronium** bromide
52
It is contra-indicated in renal failure and in cardiovascular shock
**pancuronium** bromide
53
there is little or no histamine release
**pancuronium** bromide
54
salt form of Atracurium that is less potent than pancuronium
bestylate
55
causes the release of histamine but has minor cardiovascular effects
**atracurium** bestylate
56
Atracurium is antagonized by
edrophonium, neostigmine followed by atropine
57
nonbiologic method of degradation occurring at physiological pH and temperature
Hoffman elimination
58
Atracurium is degraded by
Hoffman elimination Ester hydrolysis
59
salt form of Acuronium
chloride
60
medium duration of action
**acuronium** chloride
61
acuronium is used extensively in what species
dogs and cats
62
T or F in acuronium, there is histamine release
False
63
is a non-quaternary analogue of pancuronium, with potency equal to or slightly greater than pancuronium (1-1.74 times as potent)
**Vecuronium** bromide
64
vecuronium bromide’s action is __ to __ that of pancuronium
1/3 to 1/2
65
T or F in vecuronium, there is histamine relase
False
66
excretion of vecuronium is mostly by
bile
67
With depolarizing neuromuscular drugs, there is a
sustained stimulation of the choligernic receptors
68
the blockade caused by depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs leads to
receptors fatigue leading to muscle paralysis
69
is the most important drug under drugs acting on motor end plate (depolarizing)
Succinylcholine (suxamethonium)
70
Succinylcholine (suxamethonium) is administered via
IV injection
71
paralysis caused by this drug occurs in 1 min and lasts for a period shorter than curare.
succinylcholine
72
It **cannot be reversed by cholinesterase inhibitor drugs**, but is degraded slowly by pseudocholinesterases
succinylcholine
73
why is succinylcholine relatively safe in horses?
because of the high level of cholinesterase in horses
74
T or F ruminants have high cholinesterase level in plasma
F (low) unlike horses
75
Ruminants have low cholinesterase level in plasma so that the **duration of action of succinylcholine** in these species may be
very long
76
Like the nondepolarizing muscle relaxants, succinylcholine requires that the patient be placed on a ?
respirator
77
Succinylcholine causes muscle paralysis in the following sequence:
abdominal muscles ➡️ facial muscles ➡️ eye muscles ➡️ diaphragm and intercostals muscles
78
Clinical use of Succinylcholine
- short-term procedures such as setting of bone fracture - endotracheal intubation - closure of peritonium, and castration; - and as capture drug for wild animals
79
Some drug interactions of succinylcholine
- potentiation of its effects in hyperthermia - hepatic diseases - and anticholinesterase agents
80
T or F There is **no** drug available to reverse the paralysis induced by succinylcholine
True
81
acts on skeletal muscle fiber to cause muscle relaxation during malignant hyperthermia
Dantrolene
82
decreases sarcoplasmic free calcium concentration by promoting its uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
dantrolene
83
in case of malignant hyperthermia, what’s that action of Dantrolene
counteract sever muscular spasm
84
in this condition, free calcium ions are released into the cytoplasm during muscular contraction, but fail to be sequestered back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum during relaxation
malignant hyperthermia
85
in this condition, the skeletal muscles are unable to relax because of a defect in restoring calcium back to intracellular storage
malignant hyperthermia
86
Malignant hyperthermia causes excessive muscle activity produces extreme body heat, raising temperature up to ?
60 deg Cel
87
in malignant hyperthermia, if not given the appropriate therapy, what may happen to the patient
the patient may die
88
t or f malignant hyperthermia is genetically linked observed in animals only
false (both humans and animals)
89
precipitated by administration of certain anesthetics (e.g. halothane) or other drugs (succinylcholine)
malignant hyperthermia
90
reported in dogs, horses, pigs, and humans, and is characterized by sustained severe muscle contraction
malignant hyperthermia
91
in pigs, this condition may be triggered by severe stress as well as by anesthetic drugs
porcine stress syndrome (PSS)
Pharma
flashcards
Decks in class (6)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions