1
Q
- a mixture of finely divided drugs from the comminution of chemicals in dry form.
- The powder may be used internally or externally.
A
POWDERS
2
Q
ADVANTAGES OF POWDERS
A
- Flexibility of compounding
- Good chemical stability
- Rapid dispersion of ingredients because of the small particle size
3
Q
DISADVANTAGES
A
- Time-consuming preparation
- Inaccuracy of dose
- Unsuitability for many unpleasant-tasting, hygroscopic, and deliquescent drugs
4
Q
determined by the size of sieve they will pass through generally range from 0.1 to 10 micron in size
A
PARTICLE SIZE
5
Q
indicates the number of openings in the mesh screen per inch.
A
SCREEN SIZE
6
Q
medicated powders usually present in large quantities or volumes and are limited to non-potent substances
A
BULK POWDERS
7
Q
- dispensed in individualized doses
- potent
- examples of these powders are dusting powder, oral powders, triturations, douche, insufflations, and dentifrices.
A
DIVIDED POWDERS
8
Q
- Continuous rubbing or grinding of the powder in a mortar with a pestle
- Product: dry powder
A
TRITURATION
9
Q
TYPE OF MORTAR & PESTLE
for solids to aid in dissolution in liquids
A
WEDGEWOOD
10
Q
TYPES OF MORTAR & PESTLE
- liquids & semisolids
- nonporous & non staining
A
GLASS
11
Q
- Triturating it in a mortar and pestle or using an ointment slab and spatula.
- This method is often used to prevent a gritty feel when solids are incorporated into dermatologic or ophthalmic ointments and suspensions.
- Products: paste
A
LEVIGATION
12
Q
common levigating agent
A
MINERAL OIL
GLYCERIN
13
Q
- using an additional materials in which that material is soluble - a volatile solvent that evaporates
- The dissolved powder is then mixed in a mortar or spread on an ointment slab to enhance the evaporation of the solvent. As the solvent evaporates, the powder will recrystallize out of solution as fine particles
- This technique is often used with gummy substances that reagglomerate or resist grinding
- By grinder & mill
A
PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION
14
Q
Example of volatile solvent
A
ALCOHOL
ACETONE
15
Q
- A spatula is used to blend small amounts of powders on a sheet of paper or a pill tile.
- This method is not suitable for large quantities of powders or for powders that contain potent substances because homogeneous blending may not occur.
- This method is particularly useful for solid substances that liquefy or form eutectic mixtures (i.e., mixtures that melt at a lower temperature than any of their ingredients) when in close, prolonged contact with one another because little compression or compaction results.
A
SPATULATION
16
Q
These substances include phenol, camphor, menthol, thymol, aspirin, phenylsalicylate, and phenacetin.
A
EUTECTIC MIXTURES
17
Q
To diminish contact, powders prepared from eutrectic mixtures are commonly mixed with an
A
INERT DILUENT
18
Q
prevents eutexia with aspirin, phenylsalicylate, and other troublesome compounds
A
SILICIC ACID (20%)
19
Q
- If comminution is desired, a porcelain or ceramic mortar with a rough inner surface is preferred to a glass mortar with a smooth working surface.
- A glass mortar is preferable for chemicals that stain a porcelain or ceramic surface as well as for simple admixture of substances without special need for comminution. A glass mortar cleans more readily after use.
A
TRITURATION
20
Q
- is used when potent substances must be mixed with a large amount of diluent.
- The potent drug and an approximately equal volume of diluent are placed in a mortar and thoroughly mixed by trituration.
- A second portion of diluent, equal in volume to the powder mixture in the mortar, is added, and trituration is repeated. The process is continued; equal volumes of diluent are added to the powder mixture in the mortar until all of the diluent is incorporated.
A
GEOMETRIC DILUTION
21
Q
- Powders are mixed by passing them through sifters similar to those used to sift flour.
- This process results in a light, fluffy product. Usually, it is not acceptable for incorporating potent drugs into a diluent base.
A
SIFTING
22
Q
- is the process of mixing powders in a large container rotated by a motorized process.
- These blenders are widely used in industry, as are large-volume powder mixers that use motorized blades to blend the powder in a large mixing vessel.
A
TUMBLING
23
Q
dispensed in bulk containers such as perforated or sifter can, aerosol container and wide-mouthed glass jar
A
BULK
24
Q
dispensed in papers that are properly folded and placed in re sealable plastic
A
DIVIDED POWDERS
25
# SOLUTIONS
**Volatile substances** (e.g., camphor, menthol, essential oils) can be **lost** by volatilization after they are incorporated into powders.
USE OF HEAT SEALED PLASTIC BAGS or DOUBLEE WRAPING WITH WAXED OR GLASSINE PAPER
26
can be added to **increase the absorbability** of the powders by increasing the surface area
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
STARCH
LACTOSE
27
# SOLUTION
**Hygroscopic** and **deliquescent** substances that **become moist** because of an affinity for moisture in the air
ADDING INER DILUENTS
DOUBLE WRAPPING
28
**inert diluent** for **eutectic** mixtures
LIGHT MAGNESIUM OXIDE
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
29
substances are wrap in **wax paper** then wax paper will be wrapped with **bond paper**
DOUBLE WRAPPING
30
**hygroscopic**, **deliquescent**, or **volatile** powders should be packed in ____ rather than pasteboard containers
GLASS JARS
31
should be used if needed to **prevent decomposition** of **light-sensitive components**
AMBER
GREEN GLASS
32
all powders should be **stored** in
TIGHTLY LOSED CONTAINERS
33
# SYNONYM
ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS
ASPIRIN CHARTS
ASPIRIN CHARTULAE
34
# USE/S
ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS
ANALGESIC
ANTI INFLAMM
ANTIPYRETIC
ANTITHROMBOTIC
35
many use due to **dose-dependent** effects
ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS
36
# METHOD
ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS
BLOCK & DIVIDE
37
# APPROPRIATE CONTAINER
ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS
WAX PAPER / RESEALABLE PLASTIC
38
# ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS
API
ASPIRIN
39
# ASPIRIN DIVIDED POWDERS
DILUENT
LACTOSE
40
* a dosage form composed of **dry aggregates** of powder particles that may contain one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), with or without other ingredients.
* particles ranging in size from about **4 to 10 mesh**
* can be **dispersed** in **food** or **Dissolved** in **water**
* can be used in other dosage form such as **making a compacted tablet** or **filled in the capsule** with or without excipients
GRANULES
41
* **poor flow properties**
* **less stable**
* more likely to **harden / cake**
* drug **float on surface**; difficult to make solution
* poor **compressibility**
* **non uniform** dosing
* more **dust**
* less **appealing**
* **simple** method
POWDERS
42
* **flow well**
* **less** surface area
* **more** stable
* **less likely** to harden
* **easily** wetted
* **good** compressibility
* **less** dust
* more **elegant appearance**
* involves **more processing**
GRANULES
43
* Production of a **moist mass** by **heating** the ingredients sufficiently to **drive off the water** of hydration from the uneffloresced citric acid, forcing the mass through a **coarse sieve** and **drying** in an **oven**.
* The product should be **dispensed** in **tightly closed glass container** to **protect** it against **humidity** and **air**.
DRY METHOD / DRY FUSION METHOD
44
It involves the **addition of small amounts of water** to the dry salts to **obtain** a **workable mass** which is then dried and ground to yield the powder or granule.
WET METHOD / WET FUSION METHOD
45
# SYNONYM
SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE
SODII PHOSPHAS EFFERVESCENTES
46
# USE/S
SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE
SALINE LAXATIVE
47
# METHOD OF PREPARATION
SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE
DRY FUSION METHOD
48
# APPROPRIATE CONTAINER
SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE
WIDE MOUTH BOTTLE
49
# STORAGE CONDITION
SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE
PROTECT FROM AIR & HUMIDITY
50
# SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE
API
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
51
# SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE
ALKALINIZER
SODIUM BICARBONATE
52
# SODIUM PHOSPHATE EFFERVESCENT GRANULE
ACIDIFIER
CITRIC ACID
TARTARIC ACID
53
Also referred to as the “**dry-filled** capsules"
CAPSULES
54
derived from **pork skin** by **acid processing**
TYPE A GELATIN
55
obtained from **bones** and **animal skins** by **alkaline processing**
TYPE B GELATIN
56
added to capsule formulations to **enhance drug dissolution**
WETTING AGENTS
57
# CAPSULE
LUBRICANT
MAGNESIUM STEARATE
58
# CAPSULE
WETTING AGENT
SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE
59
in capsules, it is preferably used to **ensure homogenous mixture** of actives and excipients
GEOMETRIC DILUTION
60
* powder is placed on a **powder paper** or **ointment slab** and **smoothed** with a **spatula** to a height approximately **half the length** of the **capsule body**
* the **base** of the capsule is held **vertically** and the **open end** is **repeatedly pushed** or **punched** into the powder until the capsule is filled; the cap is then replaced to close the capsule
PUNCH METHOD
61
On a **small scale**, **capsules** are **cleaned** individually or in small numbers by rubbing them on a
GAUSE OR CLOTH
62
On a **large scale**, many **capsule**-filling machines have a ____ that **removes** any extraneous material as the capsules leave the machine
CLEANING VACUUM
63
**Capsules** should be **visually** inspected and checked for:
UNIFORMITY
EXTENT OF FILL
LOCKED
64
**Hard** capsules contain ____ water
12 - 16 %
65
soft gelatin capsules are also called as
SOFT ELASTIC CAPSILE (SEC)
66
* **soft**, **globular**, **thicker**
* **more** moisture
* pharmaceutically **elegant**
* prepared by plate process, rotating die process, reciprocating die process
SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES
67
# COMPONENTS OF SOFT GEL CAPS
GELATIN
| in %
35 - 45%
68
# COMPONENTS OF SOFT GEL CAPS
PLASTICIZER
| in %
15 - 25 %
69
common **plasticizer** used in soft gel caps
GLYCERIN
SORBITOL
70
# COMPONENTS OF SOFT GEL CAPS
WATER
| in %
40%
71
# SYNONYM
ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE
PARACETAMOL CAPSULE
72
# USE/S
ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE
ANALGESIC
ANTIPYRETIC
73
# METHOD OF PREPARATION
ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE
PUNCH METHOD
74
# APPROPRIATE CONTAINER
ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE
RESEALABLE PLASTIC
75
# ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE
API
ACETAMINOPHEN
76
# ACETAMINOPHEN CAPSULE
DILUENT
STARCH
77
# TABLET
Kaolin
Lactose
Mannitol
Starch
Calcium phosphate
Ppt calcium carbonate
DILUENT OR FILLER
78
# TABLET
**Carboxymethylcellulose**
Natural gums
Alginic acid
Gelatin
Pre gelatinized starch
Liquid glucose
Ethycellulose
BINDERS OR ADHESIVES
79
# TABLET
Clays
Starch
Alginic acid
Polacrillin potassium (amberlite)
Sodium alginate
Sodium starch glycolate
DISINTEGRANT
80
# TABLET
Magnesium stearate
ANTIADHERENT
81
# TABLET
Cornstarch,
Talc
Colloidal silica
GLIDANTS
82
# TABLET
Calcium stearate
Magnesium stearate
Mineral oil
Stearic acid
Zinc stearate
LUBRICANT
83
# TABLET
anise oil,
cinnamon,
cocoa,
menthol,
orange oil,
peppermint oil,
vanilla
FLAVORANTS
84
refers to tablets having **pieces broken out** or **chipped**, usually **around the edges**
CHIPPING
85
**Cracked** in the **center**
CRACKING
86
occurs when the **upper segment** of the tablet **separates** from the main portion of the tablet and **comes off as a cap**
CAPPING
87
is due to the **same causes as capping** except that the tablet **splits** and **comes apart** at the **sides** and is **ejected** in **two parts**
LAMINATION
88
preferred base for **tablet triturates**
LACTOSE
89
a base for **tablet triturates** that adds a **pleasant**, **cooling sensation** and **additional sweetness** in the mouth
MANNITOL
90
% of **lactose** in **tablet triturates** that makes the tablet **firmer**
20%
91
Drugs that **react chemically** with **sugars** require **special bases** such as
ppt calcium carb
ppt calcium phos
kaolin
bentonite
92
# SYNONYMS
TABLET TRITURATES
MOLDED TABLETS
TABELLA TRITURATE
TABLET TRITURATII
93
# USE/S
TABLET TRITURATES
DILUENT
SWEETENER
94
# METHOD OF PREPARATION
TABLET TRITURATES
MACHINE MOLDING
95
# APPROPRIATE CONTAINER
TABLET TRITURATES
WIDE MOUTH
96
# TABLET TRITURATES
API (DILUENT)
LACTOSE
97
# TABLET TRITURATES
MOISTENING AGENT
95% ALCOHOL
98
# TABLET TRITURATES
CO SOLVENT MIXTURE AS MOISTENING AGENT
WATER
99
an API used as **laxative**; for **constipation**
LACTULOSE
100
TYPES OF PILLS
COMPRESSED
DISPENSING
101
* **formerly** the **most extensively** used oral dosage form
* **easy** to make and **compact** in quantity
* **masked** bitter or unpleasant tastes and odors
* **stable** for **long periods** and can be administered in this form if the dose is not too large
PILLS
102
A **generic pill** excipient contain
GLUCOSE
GLYCERN
POWDERED ACACIA
BENZOIC ACID
103
used as a **preservative** and might be **omitted** if only a small batch of pill mass was being compounded.
BENZOIC ACID
104
**20mg** and **less potent** substance with **coloring agents**
PARVULES
105
**20 mg** to **60mg** it contains **sugar**
GRANULES
106
**60mg** to **500mg** comes in variety of **sizes**, **shapes**, **coating** and **color**
PILLS
107
**700mg** to **2000mg** for **veterinary** use
BOLUSES
108
# SYNONYMS
MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS
SULFURIC ACID MAGNESIUM SALT
BITTER SALTS
EPSOM SALT
109
# USE/S
MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS
SALINE LAXATIVE
110
# METHOD OF PREPARATION
MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS
HAND MOLDING
111
# APPROPRIATE CONTAINER
MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS
WIDE MOUTH
112
# MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS
API
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
113
# MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS
DILUENT
HARD SOAP
114
# MAGNESIUM SULFATE PILLS
MOISTENING AGENT
PURIFIED WATER
115
# SUPPOSITORIES
method od preparation for **glycerin base**
FUSION
116
# SYNONYMS
GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES
GLYCEROL SUPPOSITORIES
117
# LATIN NAME
GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES
SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI
118
# USE/S
GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES
LAXATIVE
119
# METHOD OF PREPARATION
GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES
MELT MOLDING
120
# GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES
API
GLYCERIN
121
# GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES
STIFFENING AGENT
SODIUM CARBONATE
STEARIC ACID
122
# GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES
SOLVENT
DISTILLED WATER
DOSAGE FORMS LAB
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