mod 2 pt 3

Question 1

Which cervical vertebrae are primarily involved in flexion?

Answer 1

Upper cervical vertebrae.

Question 2

Which cervical vertebrae are primarily involved in rotation?

Answer 2

Most in the upper cervical vertebrae.

Question 3

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 3

Synovial condylar.

Question 4

What movements are permitted by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 4

• Flexion and extension
• Lateral flexion.

Question 5

What type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint?

Answer 5

Synovial pivot.

Question 6

What movements are allowed at the atlantoaxial joint?

Answer 6

• Rotation
• Flexion/extension.

Question 7

What type of joint are the zygapophyseal joints (C2-7)?

Answer 7

Synovial plane.

Question 8

What movements do the zygapophyseal joints allow?

Answer 8

• Flexion/extension
• Lateral flexion
• Rotation.

Question 9

What is the function of the uncovertebral joint (C3-7)?

Answer 9

• Flexion and extension
• Lateral flexion
• Guiding and stabilizing.

Question 10

What is the type of joint for vertebral joints (C2-7)?

Answer 10

Symphysis.

Question 11

Name a structure that limits flexion in the cervical spine.

Answer 11

• Posterior A-O membrane
• Alar ligament
• Tectorial membrane
• Posterior longitudinal ligament
• Interspinous ligament
• Ligamentum flavum
• Nuchal ligament.

Question 12

Name a structure that limits extension in the cervical spine.

Answer 12

• Anterior A-O membrane
• Tectorial membrane
• Anterior longitudinal ligament.

Question 13

What is the ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 13

It extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C7.

Question 14

What is the role of the ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 14

• Limits cervical spine hyperflexion
• Provides a muscle attachment mechanism.

Question 15

Which muscles attach to the ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 15

• Splenius capitis
• Upper trapezius
• Serratus posterior superior
• Rhomboid minor.

Question 16

What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)?

Answer 16

• Neck flexion
• Lateral flexion
• Contralateral rotation.

Question 17

What are the actions of the scalene muscles?

Answer 17

• Neck flexion
• Lateral flexion
• Ipsilateral rotation (mostly scalenus posterior).

Question 18

What actions do the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles perform?

Answer 18

• Neck flexion
• Lateral flexion (omohyoid if scapula is stable).

Question 19

What are the actions of the prevertebral muscles?

Answer 19

• Neck flexion (except rectus capitis lateralis)
• Lateral flexion (rectus capitis lateralis).

Question 20

What actions do the splenius muscles perform?

Answer 20

• Neck extension
• Lateral flexion
• Ipsilateral rotation.

Question 21

What are the actions of the suboccipital muscles?

Answer 21

• Head extension
• Lateral flexion (obliquus capitis superior)
• Ipsilateral rotation (obliquus capitis inferior + rectus capitis major).

Question 22

Fill in the blank: The muscles flexing the head and neck include _______.

Answer 22

[SCM, prevertebral muscles, scalenes, suprahyoid muscles, infrahyoid muscles].

Question 23

Which muscles are involved in extending the neck?

Answer 23

• Splenius
• Levator scapulae
• Erector spinae (longus capitis, longus cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis)
• Upper trapezius
• Suboccipitals.

Question 24

What movements do the muscles of lateral flexion perform?

Answer 24

• Ipsilateral contraction
• Unilateral contraction.

Question 25

What are the muscles doing contralateral rotation?

Answer 25

* SCM * Transversospinalis group (local).

Question 26

What happens during protraction of the cervical spine?

Answer 26

* Upper cervical spine extends * Lower cervical spine flexes.

Question 27

What happens during retraction of the cervical spine?

Answer 27

* Upper cervical spine flexes * Lower cervical spine extends.

Question 28

True or False: The effect of sitting posture on neck muscles shows that slumped posture increases muscle strain.

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

Answer 29

Hinge and sliding synovial.

Question 30

What is the movement involved in depression of the mandible?

Answer 30

Anterior rotation and translation.

Question 31

What is the action of the masseter muscle?

Answer 31

* Elevation * Lateral excursion (ipsilateral) * Protrusion and retrusion (superficial and deep respectively).

Question 32

What are the actions of the temporalis muscle?

Answer 32

* Elevation * Lateral excursion (ipsilateral) * Retrusion.

Question 33

What is the role of the pterygoid muscles in mandible movement?

Answer 33

* Lateral pterygoid: depression, lateral excursion (contralateral), protrusion * Medial pterygoid: elevation, lateral excursion (contralateral).

Question 34

Describe the stages of mandible depression.

Answer 34

* Resting position, mandible elevated * Rotation, mouth opening, condyle rotates anteriorly * Translation and rotation, articular disc and condyle slide anteriorly * Closure, reverse movement.

Question 35

What are the boundaries of the lungs in the thorax?

Answer 35

* Thoracic inlet and cupola * Walls (sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, intercostal muscles, thoracic vertebrae) * Thoracic outlet and diaphragm.

Question 36

What is the mechanism of breathing involving pleurae?

Answer 36

Surfaces of the lungs are held to the thoracic wall and diaphragm by surface tension.

Question 37

What are the pump handle movements of the ribs?

Answer 37

Characteristic of upper ribs (2-6) that increase anteroposterior diameter.

Question 38

What muscles are primarily involved in quiet inspiration?

Answer 38

* Diaphragm * External intercostal muscles.

Question 39

What is the normal diaphragm excursion during tidal breathing?

Answer 39

1-2 cm.

Question 40

What is the role of the pelvic floor in breathing?

Answer 40

Supports pressure created by contracting abdominal muscles.

Question 41

What effect does a posterior pelvic tilt in sitting have on breathing?

Answer 41

Reduces thoracic expansion and lung capacity.

Question 42

True or False: Slumped posture compresses the diaphragm and ribcage, impairing efficient breathing.

Answer 42

True.