1
Q
Lloyds of London architect and date?
A
1978- Richard Rogers
2
Q
The Gherkin architect and date
A
2003- Norman Foster
3
Q
British Museum Glass Roofing architect and date?
A
2000 - Norman Foster
4
Q
Who was one of the first contemporary london architects
What
A
Arne Jacobesn
5
Q
The Ritz was built by who and when?
A
Mews & Davies
1906
6
Q
Which shop in Oxford Street is known on the inside as the Parthenon?
A
Marks And Spencer
7
Q
Who designed Palladium House and when?
A
Hood & Jeves 1929
8
Q
Where would you find the Isokon flats?
A
Hampstead 1934 Wells Coates
Modernism (style)
9
Q
Where was Erno Goldfingers house ?
A
2 Willow Road - Hampstead.
10
Q
When was the Royal festival Hall built, and by who?
M+M
A
1951- Mathew + Martin
Modernism ( style)
11
Q
What style is the Hoover Building on the A4
A
Art Deco - 1931 and 1933. The Art Deco building was designed by Wallis, Gilbert and Partners
12
Q
Who built the Carreras cigarette Factory and when?
M.E and O.H ?
A
1926–28 by the Carreras Tobacco Company owned by the Russian-Jewish inventor and philanthropist Bernhard Baron on the communal garden area of Mornington Crescent, to a design by architects M. E. and O. H. Collins and A. G. Porri.
13
Q
In what style is the Euston Tower?
Millbank tower and marathon house?
A
International Style
Euston Tower 1970
Millbank Tower 1963
Marathon house 1960
14
Q
Who coined the term Brutalisim ?
Smithson ?
A
The term Brutalism was first used by Architects ‘ Alison and Peter Smithson 1954
15
Q
Who was the architect for the Barbican, and what year
C.P.B ?
A
1982- Chamberlain, Powell and Bon .
16
Q
Who was the architect for the Trellick Tower, and when? And what style
A
1972- Erno Goldfinger, Brutalism style
17
Q
Who was the architect who designed Centre Point and what year /Style
G.M.S ?
A
1966- George Marsh / Seifert
Brutalism Style
18
Q
National Theatre was built when and by who?
Lesdrum ?
A
1976 - Denys Lasdum
Brutalism style
19
Q
The Broadgate Development was built when and by who ?
A.P
A
1980s- Arup and Peter Foggo
20
Q
Which Royal Hated the Post modernist style?
A
Prince Charles has been critical of Postmodern architecture, calling it “unfruitful” and “offensive.”
21
Q
Who built ‘ One Poultry and when?
Sir J—- S——-
A
1997- Sir james Sterling
22
Q
What is the youngest listed Building?
A
One Poultry ( Youngest listed building 1990s ) Post Modernism
23
Q
What style is the M16 headquarters?
A
Post Modernism.
24
Q
Who designed the MI6 Building and when?
A
Terry Farrell -1994
25
What style is charing cross station?
1990s Post Modernism
26
What are the features of Brutalist architecture.
Raw in design rough and just plane brick.
27
On a building of classical design, where would you find the " Entablature ?
The entablature is found above the columns of a structure but below the roof. Entablature elements such as the cornice, frieze, and architrave are supported by the columns below and offered support for the roof above.
28
List the Three phases of English Gothic in order
Early English.
Decorated.
Perpendicular
29
In architecture what is blind arcading
Arch does not penetrate through to the other side of the wall.
30
Edward lutyens often worked with a famous female gardener , who was she
Gertrude jekyll
31
Long and short work was a method of Building used in which period?
Anglo -saxon
32
What is the name of the Royal horticultural society garden in Surrey.
Wisely
33
Which landscape gardener was known as Moher nature's husband
Lancelot
Capability
Brown
34
What does **architecture** encompass beyond simply building?
* Firmness
* Commodity
* Delight
## Footnote
Vitruvius described architecture with the phrase ‘firmitas utilitas venustas’.
35
Define **firmness** in the context of architecture.
The building doesn’t fall down; it is robust and well-constructed.
## Footnote
Essential for structural integrity.
36
What does **commodity** refer to in architecture?
The building fulfills its intended purpose.
## Footnote
Example: A bus-shelter must provide shelter for waiting passengers.
37
What does **delight** mean in architectural terms?
The building enhances the environment and evokes a psychological effect related to aesthetics.
## Footnote
Aesthetic considerations are crucial in architecture.
38
List some factors to consider in architecture.
* Decoration
* Scale
* Symmetry
* Pattern
* Function
* Space
* Light
* Colour
* Texture
* Context
## Footnote
These elements contribute to the overall design and effectiveness of a building.
39
What are some **early massive structures** considered architecture?
* Pyramids
* Stonehenge
* Hill forts
* Temples in Greece
* Roman basilicas
## Footnote
These structures represent significant achievements in early architectural design.
40
What are some **Roman sites** from the Roman period in Britain?
* Hadrian’s Wall
* Bath
* Dover lighthouse
* Colchester
* St Albans
* London bath-house
## Footnote
These sites showcase the architectural prowess of the Romans.
41
What characterizes **Norman architecture**?
* Round arches
* Round-headed doorways
* Thick walls
* Small windows
* Blind arcading
## Footnote
This style emerged in the 11th century and was influenced by European Romanesque buildings.
42
What are the main features of **Gothic architecture**?
* Pointed arches
* Ribbed vaults
* Flying buttresses
## Footnote
These elements allowed for taller structures and larger windows.
43
What are the **phases of Gothic architecture** in England?
* Early English (c. 1170-1270)
* Decorated (c. 1270-1370)
* Perpendicular (c. 1370-1540)
## Footnote
Each phase has distinct characteristics and overlaps with others.
44
What defines **Early English Gothic** architecture?
* Tall, slim windows (lancet windows)
* Grouped columns
* Rib vaulting
## Footnote
Characterized by a transition from Norman to more elaborate Gothic features.
45
What is a **lierne vault**?
A vault with short ribs between the main ribs, creating a star shape.
## Footnote
This type of vault adds decorative complexity.
46
What characterizes **Perpendicular Gothic** architecture?
* Fan-vaulting
* Hammer-beam roofs
* Large, regular windows
## Footnote
This style represents the English contribution to Gothic architecture.
47
What is the significance of **Gothic Revival** in the 19th century?
* Widely used for ecclesiastical and civic buildings
* Seen as patriotic and Christian
* Influenced by theorists like A W N Pugin and John Ruskin
## Footnote
The revival often imitated earlier Gothic styles.
48
What materials were most large extant medieval buildings constructed from?
Stone
## Footnote
Stone was the primary material used in medieval architecture for its durability.
49
What architectural style is revealed in the **Law Courts** designed by George Edmund Street?
Flemish / North German style
## Footnote
Opened in 1882, the building flows as a series of structures, resembling a street.
50
Most large extant **mediaeval buildings** were built of what material?
Stone
## Footnote
Generally local in origin, with some stone sourced from elsewhere.
51
What has often replaced the original stone in mediaeval buildings due to damage?
Renovation
## Footnote
Damage caused by erosion, pollution, and other sources of decay often leads to a mix of stone.
52
Which side of a building in England tends to show most renovation due to prevailing winds?
West side
## Footnote
This side is often more exposed to weathering and damage.
53
What type of mortar was primarily used in the construction of mediaeval buildings?
Lime mortar
## Footnote
Made from lime (calcium oxide or hydroxide) mixed with sand.
54
What high-quality building material was invented in the **19th century**?
Portland cement
## Footnote
It is now primarily used on newer constructions, while lime mortar is used on older buildings.
55
Using **Portland cement** with older structures can lead to what issue?
Damage
## Footnote
Hard, inflexible Portland cement can harm soft, older brick or stone structures.
56
Who was the master mason of **Salisbury Cathedral** and died in 1246?
Elias of Dereham
## Footnote
He contributed significantly to the cathedral's construction.
57
William of Sens is known for his work on which cathedral?
Canterbury Cathedral
## Footnote
He was injured during construction, and the work was completed by William the Englishman.
58
Henry Yevele is associated with which two significant structures?
* Nave of Westminster Abbey
* Much of the nave of Canterbury Cathedral
## Footnote
He worked during the late 14th century.
59
What does **Classical** architecture refer to?
Architecture originating or looking back to the Classical world of ancient Greece and Rome
## Footnote
Greek buildings are of post-and-lintel construction; Romans built large arches and domes.
60
Who was **Vitruvius**?
A military and civil engineer; author of *De Architectura*
## Footnote
His writings are the first on architecture to survive.
61
What are the three key principles of architecture according to Vitruvius?
* Firmness
* Commodity
* Delight
## Footnote
These principles guide the design and evaluation of buildings.
62
During which period did **Classical influence** in architecture become marked?
Italian Renaissance, C14-C17
## Footnote
This period saw a resurgence of Classical architectural thought.
63
What is the **Golden Ratio**?
A ratio where (a+b)/a = a/b = 1.61803398875
## Footnote
It is often used in design to achieve aesthetically pleasing proportions.
64
Name the **three Greek orders** of columns.
* Doric
* Ionic
* Corinthian
## Footnote
Each order has distinct characteristics and proportions.
65
What is **entasis** in column design?
A slight curvature and fatness in the middle of columns
## Footnote
This visual trick corrects the optical illusion of straight lines.
66
What are the **five classical orders** of columns?
* Doric
* Ionic
* Corinthian
* Tuscan
* Composite
## Footnote
The Romans added Tuscan and Composite to the original Greek orders.
67
What is the **entablature**?
The large horizontal stage above the columns
## Footnote
It consists of three stages: architrave, frieze, and cornice.
68
What are the three stages of the **entablature**?
* Architrave
* Frieze
* Cornice
## Footnote
Each stage has specific functions and designs.
69
What is a **pediment**?
A triangular structure at each end of a building
## Footnote
It often serves as a place for sculpture.
70
What does the term **Quattrocento** refer to?
The period of the Renaissance from 1400 to 1500
## Footnote
It marks the exploration of ideas of order in architecture.
71
Who wrote the first book-length architectural treatise since Vitruvius?
Alberti
## Footnote
His work was written around 1450 and focused on proportional logic.
72
What is **Mannerism** in architecture?
A style from 1520-1600 that exaggerates proportion
## Footnote
It leads towards the Baroque style.
73
What characterizes **High Renaissance** architecture?
Exploration of proportional logic and geometry
## Footnote
It was a period of significant architectural development.
74
What is a common feature of Renaissance buildings?
Square buildings with symmetrical facades
## Footnote
Churches often feature pediments and entablatures.
75
How does **Baroque** architecture differ from Classical architecture?
It emphasizes fluidity and movement, often with asymmetry
## Footnote
Baroque architecture aims to disturb traditional forms.
76
What is **Art Deco** architecture characterized by?
* Elegant, clean lines
* Curvy shapes reminiscent of ocean liners
* Decorations inspired by Egyptian and Native American symbols
* Nude statues on grand public buildings
## Footnote
Originated in France around the time of WW1.
77
The **Hoover Building** was designed by which architects and in what year?
Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, 1933
## Footnote
An example of Art Deco architecture.
78
What does the phrase **'Form follows function'** signify in Modernism?
Embrace of minimalism, order, and functionality
## Footnote
Made possible by technological advances in materials such as steel and concrete.
79
The **Bauhaus movement** was founded by whom and in what year?
Walter Gropius, 1919
## Footnote
Rooted in the principles of Modernism.
80
What is a key feature of **Festival of Britain architecture**?
* Celebration of craftsmanship
* Civic pride
* Built on bomb sites post WW2
## Footnote
A spirit of modernity and optimism.
81
The **International Style** is characterized by what features?
* Minimal ornamentation
* Tall glazed buildings
* Streamlined repetition
## Footnote
Often includes slab and podium style.
82
What is the defining material of **Brutalism**?
Naked concrete
## Footnote
Known for heavy and solid shapes, mainly in fashion from 1951 to 1975.
83
The term **Brutalism** was first coined by which architects?
Alison and Peter Smithson in 1954
## Footnote
Reflects the architectural style's characteristics.
84
What significant event does the **Big Bang** refer to?
1986 reforms of the financial markets
## Footnote
Allowed foreign banks to compete in the City of London.
85
What are the characteristics of **Post Modernism** in architecture?
* Bold shapes
* Heavy materials
* Decorations inspired by classical elements
## Footnote
Often described as 'architecture with shoulder pads'.
86
What technology is associated with **High Tech Architecture**?
Computer aided design
## Footnote
Features lots of glass and steel.
87
The **Gherkin** was designed by which architect and in what year?
Lord Norman Foster, 2003
## Footnote
A notable example of High Tech Architecture.
88
What is the height of **The Shard**?
309.7 m / 1,016 ft
## Footnote
Designed by Renzo Piano, completed in 2012.
89
The **Millennium Bridge** was completed in what year and what are its dimensions?
2000, Length: 370 m / 1,214 ft, Width: 4 m
## Footnote
A significant pedestrian bridge in London.
90
What is the height of **City Hall**?
45 m / 148 ft / 10 floors
## Footnote
A prominent building in London designed by Lord Richard Rogers.
91
What is the cost of the **Bloomberg Building**?
£1 billion
## Footnote
Completed in 2017.
92
The **Aquatics Centre** was built for which event?
Olympic Park, 2012
## Footnote
Designed by Zaha Hadid.
93
What is the significance of **The Dirty House**?
Designed by Sir David Adjaye, 2002
## Footnote
An example of contemporary architecture in Shoreditch.
94
What is the height of **The Cheesegrater/Leadenhall Building**?
225 m / 738 ft / 48 floors
## Footnote
Completed in 2014.
95
What is the definition of a **castle**?
**A defended home**, usually royal or aristocratic, distinct from military bases or fortified towns
## Footnote
Castles serve as both defensive structures and bases for attack.
96
What are the **natural features** used by military engineers to reinforce structures?
* Hills
* Ditches
* Earth ramparts
## Footnote
These features enhance the defensive capabilities of castles.
97
Maiden Castle was adapted around _______ BC with a ditch and an earth rampart.
600
## Footnote
It was later enlarged around 450 BC to include multiple ramparts and ditches.
98
What is **Cadbury** believed to be?
Arthur’s Camelot
## Footnote
It is a hill fort with multiple ditched and walled defenses.
99
How many structures can be classified as **hill forts** or similar in Britain?
Approximately 3,300
## Footnote
This is particularly notable in the South-West of England.
100
What is **Old Sarum** known for?
* Iron Age hill fort
* Roman occupation
* Saxon fort
* Norman city with a castle
## Footnote
It has a rich history with successive layers of occupation.
101
What type of **forts** did the Romans leave behind?
* Standardized military bases
* Forts along Hadrian’s Wall
* Towns with straight walls and defended gatehouses
## Footnote
Examples include Colchester and Caerleon.
102
When did **castles** arrive in Britain?
With the Normans
## Footnote
Timber castles had been in use in France from the 9th or 10th century.
103
What was the purpose of **Norman castles**?
* Consolidate power
* Maintain control of pacified regions
## Footnote
They were integral to the development of the feudal system.
104
What is a **motte** in castle architecture?
An earth mound
## Footnote
It typically has a wooden structure called the keep built on top.
105
What is a **bailey**?
A defended enclosure surrounding the motte
## Footnote
Some baileys did not have a motte.
106
What is a **shell keep**?
A castle with stone walls forming a hollow drum
## Footnote
It often contains wooden buildings inside.
107
What are the **defensive features** of a keep?
* Thick walls
* Well inside
* Systems of drawbridges and portcullises
## Footnote
These features enhance the keep's defensive capabilities.
108
True or false: Square buildings in castles are vulnerable to **undermining**.
TRUE
## Footnote
Tunnels beneath corners can cause significant structural collapse.
109
What are **barbicans**?
Elaborate external defense systems at gateways
## Footnote
They enhance the castle's overall defense.
110
What is the purpose of a **moat**?
* Protect against undermining
* Surface attack deterrent
## Footnote
A water-filled moat can complicate tunneling attempts.
111
What are **concentric castles**?
Castles with successive barriers to incursion
## Footnote
Beaumaris in Wales is a notable example.
112
What necessitated changes in castle defenses during the **gunpowder era**?
The effectiveness of low earth-filled gun platforms against cannon fire
## Footnote
High stone walls became less effective.
113
What are **Henrician castles**?
Artillery forts built on the orders of Henry VIII
## Footnote
They were designed to discourage invading ships.
114
What is a **wall walk**?
Passage behind the parapet of a wall
## Footnote
It allows defenders to move along the walls.
115
What is an **arrow loop**?
Slit in wall to fire through
## Footnote
It provides a defensive firing position.
116
What is a **bastion**?
Small tower in a wall
## Footnote
It enhances the defensive capabilities of the castle.
117
What does **machicolation** refer to?
Openings between corbels to drop materials onto attackers
## Footnote
This feature was used for defense.
118
What is a **curtain wall**?
Section of wall between towers
## Footnote
It is not structural or load-bearing.
119
For most of history, the basic living unit in Britain has been a **group** rather than an individual or nuclear family.
True
## Footnote
This reflects the communal lifestyle prevalent in various historical contexts, such as monasteries and Anglo-Saxon communities.
120
In the early 20th century, approximately how many people were employed in **domestic service** in the UK?
1.5 million
## Footnote
This number contrasts sharply with around 65,000 in 2012, indicating a significant shift in living arrangements and employment.
121
The **great hall** was the center of important medieval residences, initially designed to house what?
* Animals
* Communal fire
## Footnote
The great hall served as a multifunctional space in medieval homes.
122
What architectural feature became widespread during the **Tudor period**?
Chimneys
## Footnote
The invention of efficient chimneys allowed kitchens to be moved indoors, enhancing domestic comfort.
123
The **Elizabethan period** saw a decline in the status of which architectural feature?
The hall
## Footnote
The term 'hall' evolved to refer merely to entrance passageways rather than central living spaces.
124
What is a notable characteristic of **Tudor houses** regarding windows?
Large glass windows
## Footnote
Earlier buildings had little or no glass, marking a significant advancement in residential architecture.
125
The **Great Fire of London** in 1666 prompted changes in house design, specifying what?
* Curtain walls
* Uniform heights
* Building materials (e.g., brick, slate roofs)
## Footnote
These specifications aimed to improve safety and rationalize urban housing.
126
What type of houses became common for the upper middle classes by the **18th century**?
Substantial terraces
## Footnote
These houses often displayed a 'palace front' illusion, constructed by speculative builders.
127
In typical **Georgian townhouses**, where were the kitchen and services typically located?
In the basement
## Footnote
This design reflects the functional separation of living spaces in urban homes.
128
Victorian great houses were characterized by a multiplicity of rooms with different purposes, such as a **billiard room** and a **smoking room**.
True
## Footnote
These houses often included complex structures with various passageways and sets of stairs.
129
The **Arts and Crafts** style of architecture was popular during which period?
Victorian period
## Footnote
This style emphasized a neo-vernacular decorative vocabulary in residential design.
ARCHITECT- BB
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