What is filtration?
A method used to separate a solid from a fluid mixture
What is filtrate?
Fluid that passes through the filter.
What is a volatile liquid?
A liquid that easily becomes vapour.
(- A liquid’s boiling point is a measure of a liquid’s volatility.
- More volatile liquids have LOWER boiling points.
- Evaporation occurs more quickly for volatile liquids.)
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture in which particles are distributed non-uniformly and have visually distinguishable components (eg. cereal in milk, ice in soda, soil, blood, etc.)
What is a homogeneous mixture?
A mixture in which particles are distributed uniformly and appear uniform throughout (eg, vodka, steel, air, rain, etc.)
What is distillation?
The process of converting a liquid into vapour that is consequently condensed back into liquid form.
What are the properties of metals?
- Usually solids at room temperature
- Some can be found as pure elements in the Earth’s crust (eg. gold), but the majority need to be extracted and
processed to achieve pure elemental form.
Typically, metals are;
- lustrous
- malleable
- ductile
- silver-coloured
- dense
- of high melting point
- of high boiling point
- of high tensile strength (can be stretched without breaking)
- good conductors of electricity and heat
What are the properties of non-metals?
Typically, non-metals are;
- not malleable
- not ductile
- dull in colour, not shiny
- not dense (compared with metals)
- lower in melting and boiling points (compared with metals)
- poor conductors of electricity and heat
What are the properties of metalloids?
There is no generally accepted definition of a metalloid, and no single characteristic that is associated with which defines a metalloid.
However;
- tend to be shiny like metals
- brittle like non-metals
- can conduct heat but not as well as metals
- can conduct electricity but not as well as metals (called semiconductivity)
Physical Versus Chemical Properties
Physical properties describe features that can be observed or measured (eg. appearance, electrical conductivity, magnetic effects or boiling/melting points).
Chemical properties relate to how easily an element undergoes chemical change. A chemical change results in substances changing from one substance to another.
Electrons
- Negatively charged particles.
- Electrons are equal to the atomic number.
- Negative particles attract positive particles -> called electrostatic attraction.
Protons
- Protons are equal to the atomic number.
Neutrons
number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number
