Module 1

Question 1

3 parts of the scientific attitude

Answer 1

Curiosity, skepticism, humility

Question 2

Curiosity

Answer 2

-Part of the scientific attitude
-passion to explore and understand the world using an emipirical (based on observable evidence) approach

Question 3

Skepticism

Answer 3

-part of the scientific attitude
- using critical thinking
- analyzing theater than accepting claims
- examining assumptions, identifying biases and considering other options

Question 4

Humility

Answer 4

• Part of the scientific attitude
• accept that you might be wrong
• Acknowledging vulnerability in error
• openness to new ideas

Question 5

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

Answer 5

Early Greek philosophers who weren’t scientists but asked interesting questions

Question 6

Ibn Al-Haytham

Answer 6

• 1011 AD
• book of optics
• “First true scientist”
• Explained box with pinhole and upside down tree

Question 7

Wilhem Wundt

Answer 7

• Established first psycology lab
• interested in “atoms of the mind” (simplest mental processes), structuralist approach
• Conducted experiments involving response to stimuli
• Used introspective reports (limited by biases and inconsistency - don’t always know what’s going on in your own kind)

Question 8

Edward Titchener

Answer 8

• Influenced by Wundt
• introspective report
• experimenter present stimuli to observer who reported their experiences
• sought to understand the mind by breaking it down into small components

Question 9

Structuralist Approach

Answer 9

Considering thoughts, feelings, and sensations as structural components of the mind

Question 10

William James

Answer 10

• heavily inspired by Darwin
• functionalist approach - why we evolved to think the way we do
• largely responsible for bringing psychology as a science to the United States

Question 11

Functionalist approach

Answer 11

asks why (evolutionarily) we think/behave the ways we do

Question 12

Mary Calkins

Answer 12

• Student of William James
• Studied dreams and visual perception
• Started first psychology lab for women

Question 13

Margaret Washburn

Answer 13

• Student of Edward Tishner
• barred from his experimental psychology organization because she was a woman
• wrote “The Animal Mind”

Question 14

Behaviorism

Answer 14

• Rejected introspection as too subjective and unreliable
• focused on objective measurements
• stimulus and response research often done with animal subjects
• can’t see into the mind (“black box”)

Question 15

Watson and Skinner

Answer 15

• Behaviorist researchers who redefined psychology from science of internal “mental life” to a science of directly observable behavior
• Heavily inspired by Pavlov (conditioned response)

Question 16

Freudian (Psychoanalytic) Psychology

Answer 16

• Emphasized the unconsious and how early childhood experiences affect later behavior
• more philosophical than scientific
• “projective” methods (dream analysis, ink blot, word association, etc.)

Question 17

Two dominant movements in the 20th century (until the 1960’s)

Answer 17

Behaviorism and Freudian

Question 18

The Cognitive revolution

Answer 18

• started in the 1950’s - 1960’s
• advances in a variety of fields (psych, linguistics, cs)
• renewed interest in studying mental processes scientifically
• rise of cognitive neruoscience

Question 19

Neuroscience

Answer 19

Science of the brain

Question 20

Cognitive psychology

Answer 20

Science of the mind

Question 21

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 21

Interdisciplinary field that ties cognitive psychology and neuroscience and focus on brain activity underlying mental activity

Question 22

Humanistic psychology

Answer 22

• 1960’s
• focused on the ways human potential is nurtured/stifles and on the importance of love and acceptance
• led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Question 23

Contemporary psychology (modern day psych)

Answer 23

• has become a diverse field with many subfields (clinical, developmental, social, etc.)
• biophsychosochial approach

Question 24

Biopsychosocial approach

Answer 24

• part of contemporary psychology
• considers biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors

Question 25

positive psychology

Answer 25

- 21st century - focuses on human flourishing and well-being, living a fulfilling life - somewhat like humanistic psychology but more scientific - Martine Seligman is key propenent

Question 26

Martin Seligman

Answer 26

key proponent of positive psychology

Question 27

counselors/therapists

Answer 27

- Counself people coping with life challenges and crises - may or may not be psychologists - Counseling is for short-term - Therapy is for long-term

Question 28

Clinical psychologists

Answer 28

- asses and treat people with psychological disorders

Question 29

Psychiatrists

Answer 29

- medical doctors who can prescribe medications to people with psychological disorders - can also use other treatments