1
Q
what is the diaphragm
A
thin musculotendinous septum
2
Q
septum
A
a wall or partition dividing a body space or cavity each named according to its location
3
Q
what does the diaphragm separates
A
the thoracic and abdominal cavities
4
Q
what is the principle muscle of respiration
A
diaphragm
5
Q
what does the diaphragm do during respiration
A
when it contracts its domes flatten to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration
6
Q
features of the diaphragm
A
- right dome
- left dome
- central tendon
- right crus
- left crus
7
Q
right dome
A
can rise to the level of the upper border of the 5th rib
8
Q
left dome
A
can rise to the lower border of the 5th rib
9
Q
central tendon
A
peripheral muscular fibers of the diaphragm attach to the inferior margin of the thoracic cage and the lumbar vertebrae, to converge on the central tendon
10
Q
location of central tendon
A
inferior to the fibrous pericardium of the heart
11
Q
right crus
A
muscular extension of the diaphragm that originates from the anterolateral surface of the upper three lumbar vertebrae
12
Q
left crus
A
muscle extension of the diaphragm that originates from the anterolateral surface of the upper 2 lumbar vertebrae
13
Q
apertures of the diaphragm
A
- caval opening
- esophageal hiatus
- aortic hiatus
14
Q
caval opening
A
in the central tendon
- level of the 8th thoracic vertebra (T8)
15
Q
what is the caval opening an opening for
A
the inferior vena cava (IVC)
16
Q
where is the IVC situated
A
in the posterior thorax on the right side
17
Q
esophageal hiatus
A
- in the right crus at T10
- opening for the esophagus
- as the esophagus descends through the thorax it deviates to the left, lying anterior to the thoracic
18
Q
aortic hiatus
A
- between the right and left crus
- anterior to T12
19
Q
what is the aortic hiatus an opening for ?
A
the abdominal portion of the aorta
20
Q
where is the aortic hiatus located
A
on the left side of the posterior thorax
21
Q
what are the intercostal muscle
A
- external, internal , innermost
- seriers of muscles runnning between adjacent ribs forming the chest wall
22
Q
where are the external and internal located
A
inbetween ribs
23
Q
what do the innermost intercostals form
A
an incomplete layer that can span across 2-3 ribs
24
Q
external intercostals
A
- fibers run anterinferiorly from the lower border of the ribe
25
internal/innermost intercostals
fibers run posterosuperioly from the upper border of the rib
26
what are the functions of the intercostal mucles
expand and contract the thoracic cage during inspiration and expiration
27
muscle strain
stretching or tearing of muscle fibers because muscle has been stretched beyond its limits or been forced to contract too strongly
28
what action could result in intercostal muscle strain
- twisting
- reaching upwards
29
intercostal muscle strain symptoms
swelling
pain
tightness
in the affected areas such as back, chest, thoracic cage
30
features of the sternum
manubrium
manubriosternal joint
body
xiphisternal joint
xiphoid process
31
what does the inferior border of the manubrium articulate with?
the superior part of the sternal body at the manubriosternal joint
32
what is joining of the manubrium and manubriosternal joint also known as
sternal angle (angle of louis)
33
where is the sternal angle
in line with the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae
34
what is the angle of louis (sternal angle) easily ...
palpable forming a clinical landmark
35
where does the xiphoid process attach
the sternal body at the xiphisternal joint
36
where is the xiphisternal joint
in line with 9th thoracic vertebrae T9
37
forms the vertebral formen to protect and house the spinal cord
- vertebral arch
- body
38
forms the intervertebral foramen where a spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal
pedicle
39
attachment site for muscles and ligaments of the spine
- spinous process
- transverse process
- body
40
vertebral articulations: intervertebral discs
- between vertebral bodies
- are cartilaginous joint consisting of 2 parts
41
what do intervertebral discs consist of
- outer annulus fibrosus
- central nucleus pulposus
42
what is the point of intervertebral discs
shock absorbers
- minimal movement
43
annulus fibrosus
- outer ring of the disc
- made of fibrocartilage
44
function of annulus fibrosus
resist shear forces
- most visible of the disc
45
fibrocartilage
cartilage that contains bundles of collagen fibres
46
nucleus pulposus
gelatinous strucutres that functions to resist compressive force
47
what forces does annulus fibrosus resist
shear force
48
what force does nucleus pulposus resist
compressive force
49
do the disc come in contact with contents of the intervertebral foramen or vertebral foramen
NO. unless there is structural damage to the disc itself
50
what is the damage to the disc called
herniated (slipped) disc
51
how does a herniated disc result from
the bulging of the nucleus pulposus through weak spots of the annulus fibrosus
- if annulus fibrous is completely ruptured the protuding nucleus pulposus can compress the contents of the intervertebral forament (spinal nerve ex)
52
symptoms of herniated disc
- localized back pain, numbness, weakness due to the compressed nerve
53
what are the functions of the ribs
to protect the throacic cavity
where vital organs and vessels are
54
what do the ribs contain within
heart, lungs, esophagus
55
what connects the ribs to sternum
costal cartilage
56
rib fracture
results in injury to the internal organs such as the lungs causing localized chest and back pain
57
bruising of ribs
results in localized pain and swelling of that area
58
inflammation of ribs/costal cartilage
results in chest wall pain that can affect a region spanning more than one rib
59
what is the most common fractured ribs
is direct blow to the chest, often from a car crash or fall
- coughing to hard (uncommon)
60
what could a fractured ribs result in
injury to local organs, local chest and back pain
- pain with inhalation/exhalation also
61
thoracic apertures
- thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture)
- thoracic outlet (inferior thoracic apeture
62
thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture)
allows passage between thorax and neck
- formed by manubrium rib 1, body of T1
63
thoracic outlet (inferior thoracic apeture
- passage between thorax and abdomen
- formed by: xiphoid process, costal margin, rib 11 & 12 and body of T12
64
thoracic outlet syndrome; occurs
- associated with the INLET
- occurs when blood vessels or nerves passing through the thoracic inlet are compressed
65
common causes of the thoracic outlet syndrome
- physical trauma from car accident
- repetitive injuries from job or sports
- anatomical defects
- pregnancy
66
symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome
- pain
- numbness in shoulders and neck bc of compression of blood vessels and nerves
67
what are interal thoracic arteries
- 2 paired arteries that are located lateral to the sternum
68
what are the main blood supply of the anterior thoracic wall
internal thoracic arteries
69
intercostal and subcostal arteries formation
the thoracic aorta and internal thoracic arteries give rise to pairs of posterior and anterior intercostal arteries
70
thoracic aorta
portion of the aorta that descends through the thoracic cavity
71
anterior intercostal arteries
- arise from the internal thoracic arteries
- pass around the thoracic wall in the costal grooves of ribs
72
what does the passing of anterior intercostal arteries in the groove of ribs form
an anastomosis with posterior intercostal arteries
73
anastomosis
a direct connection between two blood vessels
74
posterior intercostal arteries
branches off the thoracic aorta
- travel anteriorly to anastomose with the anterior intercostal arteries
75
subcostal arteries
the 12th pair of arteries in the intercostal space
- they run inferior to the costal margin compared to the intercostal arteries
76
venous drainage of the thoracic wall generally ____ the arterial supply
parallels
77
venous drainage of the thoracic wall
- anterior intercostal veins
- posterior intercostal veins
- subcostal veins
all drain DEoxygenated blood to the heart
78
what is the main vessel that drains the lower body
inferior vena cava
79
where does the inferior vena cava travel
through the caval opening in the diagram at level T8 level to return blood to heart
80
hemothorax
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
81
where do thoracic spinal nerve passs through
the intervertebral foramina
82
formation of dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus
after exciting the intervertebral foramen, each thoracic spinal divides into these
83
ventral rami
called intercostal nerves, that run in the costal grooves of the coressponding ribs
84
dorsal rami
of the 12 thoracic spinal nerves supply the deep muscle of the back segmentally and the overlying skin
85
branches of the thoracic spinal nerves
- anterior cutaneous branch
- lateral cutaneous branch
- spinal nerve
86
what does a intercostal nerve give off
lateral cutaneous branch
terminal anterior cutaneous branch
87
what do the branches of the intercostal nerves innervate
skin of the thoraco-abdominal wall
88
what else does an intercostal nerve also give off
muscular branches to the intercostal and anterolateral abdominal muscles for motor innervation
89
the upper 6 intercostal nerves
innervate different strucutres compared to lower intercostal nerves
90
intercostal nerves 1-6
distributed in their intercostal spaces, innervating the intercostal muscles of the thoracic wall and overlying skin
91
intercostal nerves 7-12 and subcostal nerves T12
continue anteriorly from the intercostal spaces to enter the anterior abdominal wall supplying the abdominal muscles and overlying skin
92
phrenic nerves formed
by the union of the three cervical spinal nerves C3. C4, C5
93
what to the paried left and right phrenic nerves provide
motor innervation to the diaphragm
sensory innervation to the central area (central tendon)
94
cervical spinal nerves
are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae in the cervical segment of the spinal cord
- there are 8 cerival nerves even though there are 7 cervical vertebrae
95
perimenopausal
the period of time before menopause
95
submuscular breast augmentation
breast implantation
- enlarges breasts using synthetic implants
- involves implantation below the pectoralis muscles of the chest
96
internal structures of the breast
- lobes
- suspensory ligaments (of cooper)
- nipple
- Laciferous ducts
97
what is the breast speciliazed for
production and secreation of lactiferous products
98
what might blockages of the breast duct system lead to
buildup of products at the site of the nipple
99
lactiferous products
milk or a milky lubricating fluid
100
lobes
each breast is divided into 15 to 20 lobes that contain the mammary glands
101
suspensory ligaments (of cooper)
lobes are separated by radial septa called these and help support the breast
102
mammary duct ectasia
condition that can occur when a lactiferous widens causing the duct walls to thicken
- duct can become blocked or clogged with products
103
symptoms of duct ectasia
nipple discharge
breast tenderness
breast lump
can be asymptomatic and more common in perimenopasual ppl
104
pectoralis major rupture cause
heavy weight
105
symptoms of pect major rupture
pain
localized swelling at the breast
weakness
reduced range of movement in the shoulder
106
what are act as a conduit for the spread of infection and metastases
vasuclature system
107
lateral breast arterial supply
supplied by the lateral thoracic arteries, branches of the axillary artery
108
medial breast arterial supply of breast
supplied by branches of the internal thoracic artery (which is lateral to the sternum)
109
pagets disease of the breast
- rare form of breast cancer
- begins forming a mass at the nipple and extends to the (areola) around the nipple
- spread through arterial vessels or lymphatic system
- changes in nipple (shape, formations of crusting products)
110
lympathic system
network of vessels that transport extracellular fluid (lymph) from the body's interstitial fluid compartments, filtering it through the lymph nodes and returing it to the venous system
111
regions of the thorax that are concentrated with lymph nodes
- axillary nodes laterally
- parasternal nodes medially
- supraclavicular nodes superiorly
112
swollen lymph nodes
sign that they are working hard and usually indicate an infection due to buildup of immune cells and waste
113
intraductal papilloma how does it begin
begins as a small benign tumor, can form in the lactiferous duct
114
where is the intraductal papilloma
- felt as a small lump confined to the region proximal to the nipple
115
what happens if intraductal papilloma blocks duct completely
infection can occur and spread rapidly through lymphatic system
116
what kind of direction is blood flow in the heart
unidirectional flow of blood
117
apex of the heart
- directed forward
- downward
- to the left
- base is its posterior surface
118
pericardium of the heart
- is covers the heart
- a sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels entering and leaving it
119
location of the heart + size
- size of a clenched fist
- lies behind the sternum and central part of the thoracic cage
119
what is pericarditis
inflammation of the pericadium and often idiopathic in patients
120
idopathic
arises spontaneously or has an unknown cause
121
what can pericarditis cause
abnormal buildup of fluid in a body cavity (such as pericardial cavity)
122
sensory and motor innovation of the heart
phrenic nerves carry sensory and motor innervation
123
where do phrenic nerves supply sensory innovation
fibrous pericardium
serous parietal pericardium
124
how are the phrenic nerves formed
cervical spinal nerves C3, C4 and C5
125
layers of the pericardium
- Fibrous layer
- partietal layer of the serous pericardium
- serous fluid in paricardial cavity
- Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
126
what does the serous pericardium layer divide into
- partial layer
- visceral layer
127
what are one of the first signs of a heart attack
pain in the shoulder and arm
128
why would she be experiencing pain in her shoulder/arm
phrenic nerves are formed by the C3, C4, and C5 cervical spinal nerves
- sensory information of heart travels up those nerves to the cervical vertebrae
129
what is the pain called when the pain in her arm/shoulder (associated with the heart) is called?
referred pain
130
ventricular outflow tract
describes the pathway of blood out of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through great vessels
131
left ventricular outflow tract: superior portion
- consists of a smooth-walled vestibule leading to the aortic orifice
132
left ventricular outflow tract: aortic oridice
- included to aortic valve
133
left ventricular outflow tract: aortic valve
- consists of 3 semilunar cusps, and 3 aortic sinuses
134
right venticular outflow tract
the superior wall of the right ventricle is smooth and funnel-shaped, forming the infundibulum or conus arteriosus (RVOT)
135
right ventricular outflow tract: infundibulum
- leads to the pulmonary truck carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs
136
right ventricular outflow tract: at the pulmonary orifice
- is the pulmonary valve which consists of 3 cusps
137
what is the interventricular septum
- happens during development the formation of it can be incomplete
- leanving an opening between the left and right venticle
138
what is the opening that can be created between the left and right vent be called
ventricular spatial defect
139
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes
long term excessive endurance exercise could include pathological structural remodeling of the heart and large arteries such as thickening of the heart muscle
140
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thickening of the heart musculature
- frequently asymmetric
141
what does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy invovle
interventricular septum as well as the free wall of the left ventricle
142
symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- shortness of breath
- chest pain during exercise
- fainting
143
what do 25% of patients with HCM have
left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
- abnormal opening and closing of the mitral valve due to high velocity flow of blood directly on the leaflets and contract of the mitral valve on the thickened interventricular septum
144
what is the most common heart valve abnormality
mitral valve prolapse
145
parts of the mitral valve
leaflets, chordae tendinea, papillary muscles
146
mitral valve prolapse what is it
the valve cusps do not close properly because of abnormally long (or short) chordae tendineae or malfunctioning papillary muscles
147
what happens with mitral valve prolapse
the valve flops backwards into the atrium (prolapase)
148
what is the overall effect on the blood flow of mitral valve prolapse
regurgitation back to the atrium
- uncommon: can affect blood flow through the left vent
- blood flow between the left atria and left ventricle will consequently affect blood flow between the left vent and aorta
149
what do people with mitral valve prolapse experiences
heart palpitations
150
what does the interventricular septum divide
the left and right vent
151
what is the role of the interventricular septum
isolating the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood
152
what does the interventricular septum consist of
- thick muscular part
- thin upper membranous part
153
what makes the interventricular septum bulges towards the right vent making it crescent shaped
the greater pressure in the left vent
154
what is thickened if their is a ventricular septal defect
vent walls and interventricular septum
155
why do the vent walls and interventricular septum get thickened
because the pressure of the blood in the left vent is higher than that in the right
- this lesion is initially associated with left-to-right (acyanotic) shunting of blood flow
156
acyanotic
shunting of blood that occurs in the left-to-right direction in the heart chambers
157
what is the most common site of ventricular septal defects
the membranous part of the interventricular septum
158
what are the most congenital cardiac defects in infants?
defects in the interventricular septum
159
the skeleton of the heart
- is dense connective tissue that is the site of attachment of the atrial and ventricular muscles and the heart valves
160
what is calcific aortic stenosis
- processive fibro-calcific remodeling and thickening of the aortic valve leaflets that evolve over years to cause severe obstruction to cardia outflow
161
what happens if the leaflets thicken: calcific aortic stenosis
the aortic valve narrows, causing a pressure increase in the left vent
- left vent may also become enlarged to compensate for the blockage
162
who are patients who experience fibro-calcific remodeling
usually ppl over 65
163
symptoms of calcific aortic stenosis
- shortness of breath
- chest pain
- feeling faint and/or dizzy when exercising
164
what is the most prevalent heart valve disorder in developed countries
calcific aortic stenosis
165
fibro-calcific remodeling
remodeling of the heart includes any structural changes to the heart, including sizing, shape, functionality
refers to calcification of fibrosus tissue in the heart
166
electrocardiogram (ECG)
non invasive test that records the electrical signals in your heart
167
acute pericarditis
an inflammation of the pericardium resulting in excess fluid within the pericardial cavity
168
Samantha's case and acute pericarditis
recurrent pain in her chest and arm and diaphragmatic spasms can be explained by the pericardium being innervated by the phrenic nerve
- her case is idiopathic
169
how many times does a heart beat per min to keep blood circulating
70 time per min
170
what aorta carries ____ blood
oxygenated blood
171
aorta away or to the heart
away from the heart
172
what are the 3 main branches off the arch of the aorta
- brachiocephalic
- left subclavian
- left common carotid arteries
173
brachiocephalic artery
- brachiocephalic truck ascends approx 4 to 5 cm before it bifurcates
174
what does the brachiocephalic artery bifurcate into
the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery
175
if dye was injected to the left ventricle where would it travel
aorta--> brachiocephalic artery--> left common carotid artery--> left subclavian artery
176
what is the process called when they inject dye in (left vent) to see it travel in blood
left heart ventricular angiography
177
angiography
examination by X-ray of blood or lymph vessels, carried out after introduction of a radiopaque substance
178
what does abnormal results of an angiography possibly mean
may be due to life-threatening conditions including "silent killer" an aortic aneurysm
179
aortic aneurysm
abnormal widening or ballooning of a part of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel
180
when would a aortic aneurysms cause symptoms
until the dilation becomes very large
- could cause chest or back pain, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath
181
what do the left and right internal thoracic arteries supply
anterior thoracic wall, such as intercostal muscles
182
how do the left and right internal thoracic arteries' arise
from the subclavian arteries
183
what does the right subclavian artery give rise to
the right internal thoracic
184
what does the left subclavian give rise too
left internal thoracic artery
185
where do the internal thoracic arteries descend
vertically through the thoracic inlet, running lateral to the sternum and posterior to the anterior chest wall
186
what muscles are anterior and lateral to the internal thoracic arteries
- innermost, internal, and external intercostal muscle (facilitate respiration)
187
muscles anterior to the intercostal muscle
pectoralis major
188
muscle posterior to the internal thoracic arteirs
is the transversus thoracic muscle
189
muscles inferior to the internal thoracic muscle
the diaphragm
190
the sinuses of the aortic valve
left and right, positeior
191
what does the left and right aortic sinuses give rise to
left and right coronary arteries
192
does the posterior sinus give rise to anything?
NO
193
what do the left and right coronary arteries supply
the heart itself
194
what do the left and right coronary arteries anastomose with each to form
a circle in the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)
195
(atrioventricular groove)
between the atria and ventricles
196
interventricular sulcus
groove between ventricles
197
why are anastomosis advantageous
"back up" blood supply
198
example of why the loop and circle is important for heart blood supply
- if plaque bluids up in a coronary artery creating a blockage the blood may reroute using a alternative path in the circle and loop arrangment of the coronary vessels
199
coronary artery disease
- significant occlusion in any portion of the coronary circulation will reduce blood flow to the heart
200
symptoms of coronary artery disease
- chest pain
- shortness of breath
- complete block: heart attack
201
plaque
deposits of cholesterol, fat, and calcium that child up inside an vessel
202
coronary angiogram
procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see your hearts blood vessels such as the aorta and the coronary arteries
203
stenoses
abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body
204
angioplasty
balloon catheter is inserted into the blocked artery
- inserted balloon is then inflated, dilating the artery, and restoring blood flow
205
ways to treat coronary artery disease
angioplasty, bypass surgery
206
where are the left and right lungs located
in the pulmonary cavities deeps to the ribs and sternum
207
what structures are around the lungs
- diaphragm
- ribs
- sternum
- breast
- clavile
- pericardium
208
what lung is larger
right
209
right lobe divisions
3
by 2 fissures
210
left lobe divisions
2
by 1 fissure
211
left lung features
- superior lobe lingula & groove
- cardiac notch
212
what is on the mediastinal (medial) surface of each lung
important group of structures collectively known as the root of the lung, which connects the lungs to the heart and trachea
213
what are pleural recesses
potential spaces of the pleural cavity which are not filled with lung tissue during expiration
214
how many pleural recesses are there
2
215
what are the 2 pleural recesses
- costomediastinal recess
- costodiaphragmatic recess
216
what happens if the pleural recess are filled with fluid
pleural effusion, and the function of expanding the lungs may be impaired
217
symptoms of pleural effusion
difficulty breathing
pain extending into the shoulder/neck
218
potential spaces
potential regions because sometimes they are not present- when the lung tissue expands and fills the potential space during inspiration
- potential regions of the pleural cavity are much larger than the potential space within the plural of the lungs
219
costomediatinal recesses
left and right
220
the left and right costomediastinal recesses location
anterior thorax, between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleura
221
which are larger the left or right costomediastinal recesses
left and overlies the heart
222
costodiaphramatic recesses location
between the costal and diaphragmatic pleura, below the inferior part of the lungs
223
when are the costodiaphramatic recesses filled with lung tissue
during deep inspiration
224
what are the costodiaphramatic recesses important for
landmarks in the case of pleural effusion
225
costodiaphramatic recesses: pleural effusions
may be caused by underlying heart failsure or cirrhosis
- excess fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs
226
cirrhosis
liver condition where it doesn't function right due to long-term damage
227
2 types of pleura
parietal and visceral
228
innervation of pleura
- parietal and visceral each have their own
229
why is innervation important for
trace signals of pain
230
when pain signals are received by the intercostal nerves where is the pain felt or referred?
to the thoracic and abdominal walls
231
partietal pleura innervation
- by the intercostal nerves and phrenic nerves depending on the region
232
visceral pleura innervation
- supplied by autonomic innervation
- not sensitive to pain, temp, or touch
- sensitive to stretch
233
autonomic innervation
the ANS regulates the functions of our internal organs (the viscera) we are often unaware of the ANS because it functions involuntary and reflexively
234
what is the hilum (root of lungs)
- are a collection of structures that enter and exit the lungs
235
what does the hilum connect
the lungs to the trachea and heart
236
where is the hilum located
- centered in the medial surface of the lung
237
what structures makeup the hilum
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins
- bronchi
238
what is pulmonary arterial hypertension
where a patient has high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries
239
what do pulmonary arteries carry
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
240
is pulmonary hypertension different from systemic high blood pressure
yes.
241
structural changes with pulmonary arterial hypertension
- walls become stiff
- swollen and thick causing scarring
- clots
- build up of plaque
242
blood flow with pulmonary arterial hypertension
- impeded or occlude blood flow to the: lungs, increasing pressure within the pulmonary arteries and veins and potentially compressing the adjacent bronchi
243
heart consequences with pulmonary arterial hypertension
heart must exert greater force to direct deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
- cardiac muscle can become strained
244
cardiac dysfunction with pulmonary arterial hypertension
prolonged exertion of the cardiac muscle can weaken the muscle
245
symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension
- tightness in thoracic wall
- shortness of breath
- fatigue
- fainting
246
where do brachiocephalic veins drain in to
the superior vena cava
247
what is another main tributary of the superior vena cava
azygos vein
248
where does the azygos veins enter
- enters the thorax from the abdomen through the aortic hiatus (T12) of the diaphragm from off the SVC
249
where does the azygos vein ascend
to the right of the lower thoracic vertebral bodies
250
where do the posterior intercostal veins drain
directly into the azygos vein
251
where does the hemiazygos vein lie
to the left of the thoracic vertebrae
252
what does the hemiazygos drain
the left posterior intercostal veins
253
where does the accessory hemiazygos lie
to the left of the thoracic vertebrae, superior to the hemiazygos vein
254
what does the accessory hemiazygos vein drain
the left posterior intercostal veins
255
where does the right posterior intercostal vein drain
directly into the azygos vein (THE left does not)
256
what do bronchial veins do
remove deoxygenated blood from the lungs
257
how are the left posterior intercostal veins drained
goes into the accessory hemiazygoes then to the azygos
258
what is the lymphatic system
part of both the circulatory and immune system
- diseases can travel through it and spread
259
what is the thoracic duct, what does it drain?
drains lymph from the left side of the head, neck, thorax, left upper limb, and all of the structures below diaphragm
260
what does the right lymphatic duct drain
lymph from the right side of the head and neck, thoraz, and right limb
261
why is checking lymph nodes used for
presence of inflammatory disease
262
what can be used to determine if there is node enlargement
radiographic
263
radiographic
images generated using X-rays, ramma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of internal structures of the body
264
what is sarcoidosis
- inflammatory disease that causes abnormal masses or nodule to form in the pulmonary bronchopulnary (hilar), and paratracheal lymph nodes
265
symptoms of sarcoidosis
- lymph nodes would drain into the right lymphatic duct
- enlarged lymph nodes and tracheobronchial tree may compress small and large airways causing airway obstruction
- dry cough
- fatigue
- shortness of breath
- rarly experience pain
- tightness
266
arterial supply of the lung
- descending thoracic aorta is a continuatin of the aortic arch, at level T4/T5, provides oxygenated blood to the thorax
267
what supply lungs with blood
bronchial arteries
268
anxiety with dyspnea
- constriction of bronchial arteries could result in a decreased blood supply to the lung tissue
- could be due to the fight or flight response
269
symptoms of anxiety with dyspnea
shortness of breath
- tightness
- hyperventilation
- fainting
- nausea
270
what is the mediastnum
is a central region in the thorax between the right and left lung
271
waht can the mediastinum be divided into
- superior
- inferior
- anterior
- middle
- posterior
272
the superior mediastinum
located posterior to the manubrium and anterior to the first 4 thoracic vertebrae
273
anterior mediastinum
extends from the sternum to the anterior border of the pericardium
274
inferior mediastinum
- bordered superiorly by the superior mediastinum and inferiorly by the diaphragm
275
what is the inferior mediastinum further dividied into
anterior
middle
posterior
*compartments *
276
middle mediastinum
compartment between the anterior and posterior borders of the pericardium
277
organs in the superior medistinum
- thymus
- trachea
- esophagus
278
arteries in the superior mediastinum
- aortic arch
- branches of aorta
279
veins and lymph in superior mediastinum
- SVC
- branches of SVC
280
nerves in superior mediastinum
- vagus
- phrenic
281
inferior, anterior mediastinum organs
thymus
282
inferior, anterior mediastinum arteries
N/A
283
inferior, anterior mediastinum vein & lymph
lymph nodes
284
inferior, anterior mediastinum nerves
N/A
285
inferior middle mediastinum organs
- heart
- pericardium
286
inferior middle mediastinum arteries
- ascending aorta
- pulmonary trunk
287
inferior middle mediastinum veins and lymph
- SVC
- azygos vein
- pulmonary veins
288
inferior middle mediastinum nerves
phrenic
289
inferior posterior mediastinum organs
- esophagus
290
inferior posterior mediastinum arteries
thoracic aorta
291
infeiror posterior mediastinum veins and lymph
- azygos vein
- hemiazygos vein
292
inferior posterior mediastinum nerves
vagus nerve
ANAT 380
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