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Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we mean when we mention pests?

A

Pests is a term given to any organism that is harmful to plants, wood or other plant products, any undesired plant or any harmful creature.

Pests can include insects, weeds, fungi, and bacteria.

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2
Q

What are pesticides?

A

Pesticides refer to any substance, preparation or organism prepared used for controlling any pest. A pesticide product consists of one or more active substances co-formulated with other materials. Formulated pesticides exist in many forms, such as solid granules, powders or liquids.

Pesticides can target a wide range of pests including insects, weeds, and pathogens.

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3
Q

What are plant protection products?

A

An active substance or preparation containing one or more active substances, formulated as it is supplied to the user.

Plant protection products include pesticides as well as other substances that help protect plants.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of pesticides?

A

Protect plants or plant products against all harmful organisms or prevent the action of such organisms

Pesticides can also influence plant life processes beyond nutrient provision.

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5
Q

In addition to protection, how can pesticides influence plants?

A

Influence the life process of plants other than as a nutrient (e.g. as a growth regulator)

This indicates that pesticides may affect growth and development.

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6
Q

What is a secondary use of pesticides related to plant products?

A

Preserve plant products, in so far as such substances or products are not subject to the provisions of European Community law on preservatives

This refers to the ability of pesticides to maintain the quality of plant products.

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7
Q

What is one way pesticides can affect plant growth?

A

Destroy parts of plants or check or prevent the undesired growth of plants

This highlights the role of pesticides in controlling unwanted plant growth.

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8
Q

Is the term ‘pesticide’ always used in a strict legal sense?

A

Sometimes used as a synonym for ‘pesticide’, but not in the strict legal sense

Legal definitions may vary, affecting the interpretation of the term.

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9
Q

What is the definition of residual in the context of pesticides?

A

The amount of pesticide that may be present in fruit, vegetable and animal products following pesticide treatment.

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10
Q

What additional products may pose a toxicological risk besides the applied pesticide?

A

Degradation or reaction products and metabolites.

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11
Q

How are pesticide levels expressed?

A

As milligrams of the chemical in a kilogram of crop (mg/kg) or parts per million (ppm).

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12
Q

What is a contact pesticide?

A

A pesticide designed to exterminate pests directly upon contact

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13
Q

What are the types of products that can be classified as contact pesticides?

A

Natural, inorganic, or organic products

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14
Q

In what forms do most contact pesticides typically come?

A

Aerosols or foggers

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15
Q

What is a systemic pesticide?

A

A form of pesticide that is water soluble and absorbed by a plant when applied to its roots, seeds, or leaves.

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16
Q

How does a systemic pesticide affect a plant?

A

The chemicals in the pesticide circulate through the plant’s system.

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17
Q

What is the result of a plant absorbing a systemic pesticide?

A

The plant kills any insect or pest that feeds on it.

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18
Q

What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

A

A whole farm approach to managing land and maximizing production efficiency while minimizing environmental negative effects.

IPM emphasizes sustainable practices over chemical reliance.

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19
Q

What is a key goal of Integrated Pest Management?

A

To reduce reliance on pesticides.

This is achieved by minimizing pests, weeds, and disease risks.

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20
Q

What approach does Integrated Pest Management take?

A

A whole farm approach.

This means considering all aspects of the farm ecosystem.

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21
Q

Name one strategy used in Integrated Pest Management to minimize pests.

A

Minimizing pests, weeds, and disease risks.

Specific strategies can include crop rotation, natural predators, and habitat manipulation.

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22
Q

What are appropriate cultural controls in pest management?

A

Cultural controls include practices such as crop rotations and the use of resistant varieties

These practices help to disrupt pest life cycles and reduce pest populations.

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23
Q

What are examples of physical and mechanical controls in pest management?

A

Examples include the use of nets, mulches, and mechanical weeding

These methods physically prevent pests from reaching crops or remove them directly.

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24
Q

How can enhancing wildlife habitats assist in pest management?

A

Enhancing wildlife habitats encourages bio-diversity and beneficial organisms that provide biological control

This can lead to natural pest suppression and improved ecosystem health.

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25
What is the importance of monitoring crops in pest management?
Monitoring crops for pests, weeds, and diseases is crucial for effective management and includes the use of forecasts and thresholds treatments ## Footnote This helps in making informed decisions about when and how to intervene.
26
What are the main environmental concerns associated with pesticide use?
Human and animal health hazards ## Footnote Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns, including risks to both human and animal health.
27
What severe effects can toxic pesticides have on human health?
Foods contaminated with toxic pesticides can cause severe health effects. ## Footnote Pesticide toxicity can result from various forms of exposure, including ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption.
28
What are the consequences of pesticide contamination of drinking water?
Contaminated drinking water poses health risks. ## Footnote Pesticides can leach into water supplies, affecting both human and environmental health.
29
What impact do pesticides have on aquatic life?
Fish and other water life killed ## Footnote Pesticides can be toxic to aquatic ecosystems, leading to the death of various water species.
30
What is a consequence of pesticide use on the food chain?
Food chain disrupted ## Footnote Pesticide contamination can disrupt the balance of ecosystems, affecting various organisms within the food chain.
31
What is the primary benefit of using pesticides?
Combat pests and increase food production ## Footnote This leads to increased profits for farmers and helps prevent vector-borne diseases.
32
What are pesticides designed to do?
Kill, reduce or repel insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, and other organisms ## Footnote They are biocides that threaten public health and economy.
33
What are the key areas of application for pesticides?
* Crop Protection * Disease Control * Food Preservation * Material Preservation ## Footnote Pesticides play a crucial role in these areas to ensure safety and productivity.
34
What is the 'Green Code'?
The Code of Practice for the Safe Use of Pesticides on Farms and Small Holdings. ## Footnote This code is aimed at ensuring safe pesticide use in agricultural settings.
35
What does the 'Orange Code' refer to?
The Code of Practice for the Use of Approved Pesticides in Amenity Areas and Industrial Areas. ## Footnote It is a voluntary code produced by the National Association of Agricultural Contractors and the British Agrochemical Association.
36
What does the 'Blue Code' address?
The Code of Practice for the Safe Use of Pesticides for Non-Agricultural Purposes. ## Footnote Specifically, it deals with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 which includes forestry.
37
What regulations does the Blue Code relate to?
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999. ## Footnote This regulation is crucial for managing hazardous substances in non-agricultural settings.
38
What are the five major routes by which pesticides can reach water sources?
* Drift outside of the intended spray area * Percolate, or leach, through the soil * Be carried to the water as run-off * Be spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect * Contaminate sources from fill-up points/run-off areas ## Footnote These routes highlight the various ways pesticides can unintentionally enter water systems, posing risks to aquatic life and human health.
39
Fill in the blank: Pesticides can ______ outside of the intended spray area.
Drift ## Footnote This refers to the movement of pesticide particles through the air, away from the target area.
40
What does it mean for pesticides to percolate or leach through the soil?
It means that pesticides move downward through the soil layers, potentially reaching groundwater ## Footnote Leaching is a significant concern as it can lead to contamination of drinking water sources.
41
True or False: Pesticides can only reach water sources through direct application.
False ## Footnote Pesticides can enter water systems through various indirect methods, including run-off and spills.
42
Fill in the blank: Pesticides can be carried to the water as ______.
run-off ## Footnote Run-off occurs when rain or irrigation water flows over the land, carrying pesticides along with it.
43
What is one way pesticides can contaminate water sources during the filling process?
From fill-up points/run-off areas ## Footnote This contamination often occurs due to spills or leaks during the filling of spray equipment.
44
How can resources be transported to water bodies?
They can be carried to water by soil erosion ## Footnote This can occur even when the application site is some distance from a body of water.
45
What should be done before spraying in or near water?
Contact the appropriate environment agency for advice and permission if necessary ## Footnote This is crucial for environmental compliance.
46
When spraying on or near a watercourse with significant flow, in which direction should you spray?
You should spray in the opposite direction to the main water flow (i.e. upstream) ## Footnote This helps to minimize the risk of contamination.
47
What is the primary purpose of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974?
To protect the health, safety and welfare of employees while at work.
48
What must employers provide to ensure the safety of their employees?
Necessary information, training, supervision, and protective equipment.
49
What are employees required to do under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974?
Take reasonable care of their own health and the safety of others.
50
What is the main purpose of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974?
To ensure that substances are safe and do not put health at risk when used, handled, stored, or transported.
51
What must suppliers provide regarding the substances they supply?
Information about risks and how the substances must be safely used and disposed of.
52
List the six main areas covered by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.
* Safe system of work * Risk assessment * Use of safety devices * Maintenance * Protect yourself and others * Working conditions
53
What does COSHH stand for?
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations
54
What types of substances are included under COSHH?
Any substance carrying a hazard symbol as very toxic, toxic, harmful, corrosive or irritant ## Footnote This includes substances like chemicals and agents that pose a health risk.
55
What is a Workplace Exposure Limit (WEL)?
Any substance assigned a Workplace Exposure Limit
56
What are micro-organisms in the context of COSHH?
Micro-organisms which create a hazard to health (for example, fungal spores and diseases)
57
What types of dust are considered hazardous under COSHH?
Dust of any kind (sweeping store buildings, harvest time dusts, powder etc.)
58
What other substances are covered by COSHH?
Any other substance which has a comparable hazard to health (gases, fumes and fuel etc.)
59
What does this symbol mean?
Health Hazard
60
Acute toxicity
61
Corrosive
62
Serious health hazard
63
Define 'Hazards' in the context of COSHH.
A substance that has the potential to cause harm.
64
What does 'Risk' refer to in the COSHH assessment?
The likelihood of someone being harmed by exposure to the hazardous substance due to their actions.
65
What is the purpose of 'Control' in COSHH?
The method to prevent exposure against the risks.
66
Ways in which pesticides can enter the body
67
What is the first method in the hierarchy of control?
Elimination ## Footnote Do not use the substance: Use other methods.
68
What does substitution in the hierarchy of control involve?
Use a less dangerous product (non-toxic), avoid powders, use water dispersible granules, soluble packs and so on.
69
What is the purpose of technical/engineering controls?
Parts that have been added to the machine to make it safer to operate and reduce risk of contamination by enclosing the hazard or the operator (e.g telescopic lance or cab).
70
When should Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) be used?
Use as a last resort: dress as necessary after making use of all the other control measures.
71
What is a tank mix in the context of plant protection products?
Mixing 2 or more plant protection products in the spray tank for joint application, following specific label conditions. ## Footnote Tank mixing allows for the combination of different products to enhance pest control effectiveness.
72
What are the conditions under which tank mixing is acceptable?
It must comply with conditions specified on each label and not have specific label restrictions. ## Footnote Users must carefully read product labels to ensure compliance.
73
What is an unacceptable condition for tank mixing anticholinesterase compounds?
Mixing 2 or more anticholinesterase compounds unless specifically allowed under the authorised conditions on at least one product label. ## Footnote Anticholinesterase compounds can pose significant risks to non-target organisms.
74
What should users avoid when applying acetolactate synthase herbicides?
Users should not apply them in tank mixture or sequence with other herbicides, including sulphonylureas, unless stated otherwise on the product label. ## Footnote This restriction helps prevent potential adverse interactions between herbicides.
75
What are adjuvants?
Substances designed to be mixed with plant protection products to enhance their effectiveness ## Footnote Adjuvants improve the performance of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals.
76
What is the role of surfactants as adjuvants?
They help pesticide droplets stick to and spread across a leaf surface ## Footnote Surfactants reduce surface tension, improving coverage and absorption.
77
What types of products are considered adjuvants by HSE?
* Extending agents * Wetting agents * Sticking agents * Fogging agents ## Footnote These categories encompass various formulations that assist in the application of plant protection products.
78
What is a benefit of reducing water volumes in spraying?
More hectares sprayed per day and more timely application ## Footnote This can also improve the efficacy of the product.
79
What risks may increase with reduced water volumes?
Risk of drift, crop damage, and reduced effectiveness if high coverage is required ## Footnote Reduced water volumes can lead to insufficient coverage of the pesticide.
80
What is required by the label when pesticide is diluted to a minimum volume at the full dose rate?
Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ## Footnote PPE is essential for safety when handling hazardous materials.
81
What is the maximum concentration allowed for reduced volume if none of the other conditions apply?
No greater than 10 times the maximum concentration on the label ## Footnote This condition is at the grower's risk.
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