NURS 104 > Module 1-7 (MIDTERM) > Flashcards

Module 1-7 (MIDTERM) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the typical age range for Middle Adulthood?

A

40 to 65 years old

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2
Q

What is Erikson’s developmental theory stage during middle adulthood?

A

Generativity vs stagnation

This stage focuses on contributing to society and supporting the next generation.

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3
Q

What is a sandwhich generation?

A

Having the resonsibility of raising their own children as well as care for aging parents

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4
Q

Define Late Adulthood.

A

60s to 120 years

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5
Q

Define glomerular filtration rate

A

The rate at which the kidneys filter blood

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6
Q

Define Hypercapnia and Hypoxia

A

Hypercapnia: High Low levels of CO2 in the blood
Hypoxia: Low levels of CO2 in the blood

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7
Q

Delirium vs Dementia

A

Delirium: acute confused state, typically reversible
Dementia: an umbrella term for a variety of diseases that cause irreversible changes in the brain

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8
Q

What does functional status indicate in late adulthood?

A

Capacity and safe performance of ADLs

It is an indicator of health or illness and can decline due to physical, cognitive, and social functioning.

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9
Q

Define Kyphosis

A

C-shaped curve of the cervical vertebrae

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10
Q

Define presbycusis

A

Progressive, bilaterial, and symmetrical age-related hearing loss

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11
Q

Define presbyopia

A

Reduced near vision occuring with age

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12
Q

Define preprioception

A

Perceive ones own position, movement and spacial awareness without sight

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13
Q

Define xerostomia

A

Excessive dry mouth

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14
Q

What are the three sociological theories of ageing?

A
  • Activity Theory
  • Continuity Theory
  • Social Exchange Theory

These theories explain different aspects of aging and social interactions.

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15
Q

What does Activity Theory propose?

A

Remaining as active as possible contributes to successful aging

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16
Q

What is the main idea of Continuity Theory?

A

Older adults strive to maintain framiliar roles, routines, values and relationships throughout their life course.

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17
Q

What does Social Exchange Theory challenge?

A

Relationships are based on give-and-take. People stay in relationships when they feel the exchange is fair and balanced.
It suggests that withdrawal or social isolation results from an imbalance in social exchanges. If older adults feel they are giving more than they receive, or younger people feel they are giving more than they get, the relationship can become strained.

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18
Q

What is the task for Older Adulthood in Erikson’s theory?

A

Integrity VS Despair

This represents stage 8 in Erikson’s framework.

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19
Q

What are Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks based on?

A

Built on Erikson’s theory: age-specific essential tasks

Tasks are based on physical maturation, personal values, and societal expectations.

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20
Q

Define Chronological age.

A

Number of years old

It is a straightforward measure of age.

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21
Q

What does Biological age refer to?

A

Physical condition

This reflects the biological health of an individual.

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22
Q

What is meant by Psychological age?

A

Refers to how old a person feels, thinks, and behaves.

It assesses mental and emotional maturity.

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23
Q

Define Cognitive age.

A

Refers to how well a person’s brain functions compared to what is typical for their chronological age

This relates to how individuals behave according to societal expectations.

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24
Q

What are Cohort Effects?

A

Changing historical times and social expectations influence how cohorts move through the lifespan

These effects shape the experiences of different age groups.

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25
What are **Gender Effects**?
Theories have been focused on men (e.g. career and work achievement) Little importance on childbearing & childrearing
26
What does the acronym **L.E.A.R.N.** stand for?
(Culturally Sensitive Assessment) * Listen: Listen to verbal and non-verbal; patient’s perception of situation, goals, treatment * Explain: Explain and share your understanding of situation and problems * Acknowledge: Acknowledge and discuss and explore both perceptions * Recommend: Recommend a plan taking both perspectives into account * Negotiate: Negotiate a plan that is mutually acceptable ## Footnote This is a framework for culturally sensitive assessment.
27
Define **Ethnocentrism**.
The belief in a superior ethnic group and the devaluation of other groups
28
What does **Eurocentric** mean?
Conscious or unconscious belief that European culture, concerns and values are superior over those of non-Europeans
29
What is the difference between **Gerontology** and **Geriatrics**?
Gerontology encompasses the study of aging, while geriatrics focuses on the medical care of older adults.
30
List the **Gerontological Nursing Standards**.
* Relational Care * Ethical care * Evidence-informed Care * Aesthetic/Artistic Care * Safe Care * Socio-politically Engaged Care ## Footnote These standards guide nursing practices in gerontology.
31
Define **Ageism**.
Term to describe prejudicial attitudes towards: Older people, old age, and the ageing process
32
What is **Dementia-ism**?
Discrimination based on diminished cognition & agency
33
What are **Stereotypes**?
Unfair ideas or judgments held widely based on characteristics of others
34
Define **Prejudices**.
Negative opinions without ground or sufficient knowledge
35
What is **Discrimination**?
Seeing a group as different based on prejudices or stereotypes
36
What does it mean to **Stigmatize**?
Identify or label in negative terms
37
List the **Types of Ageism**.
* Personal: learned, family & media influences, apply to others and self * Institutional: the workplace, healthcare * Intentional: taking advantage of vulnerabilities of older people e.g. scams, elder abuse * Unintentional: implicit bias, jokes, elder speak ## Footnote Understanding these types helps in addressing and combating ageism.
38
What is **Elder-speak**?
Altered speech patterns * Patronizing language: “we” “sweetie” * Oversimplified: encourages dependence ## Footnote Elder-speak can undermine the dignity and autonomy of older adults.
39
What is **Depression** classified as?
A mood disorder Depression is potentially reversible.
40
Criteria for diagnosis of **Major Neurocognitive Disorder** (Major Neurocognitive Disorder)
Evidence of significant cognitive decline in memory or other cognitive ability that interferes with independence in everyday activities (IADLs)
41
Criteria for diagnosis of **Mild Neurocognitive Disorder** (Mild Neurocognitive Disorder)
Evidence of modest cognitive decline, but impairment does not interfere with complex activities
42
Define **Apraxia**.
Impaired ability to execute motor functions e.g. Dressing
43
Define **Agnosia**.
Loss of ability to recognize persons or things ## Footnote May not recognize everyday objects or familiar people.
44
Define **Amnesia**.
Loss of memory
45
Define **Aphasia**.
Difficulty with language, speaking, understanding, reading, or writing.
46
What is and what does **Executive Function** involve?
Higher level functions/complex behaviours. * Planning * Organizing * Sequencing * Abstracting
47
Name the **types of Dementia**.
* Alzheimer’s Disease (50-70%) * Vascular Dementia (20%) * Lewy Body Dementia (5-15%) * Frontotemporal Dementia (2-5%) * Parkinson’s Dementia * Mixed dementia (AD and vascular) * Young-onset dementia (5%) ## Footnote Each type has distinct characteristics and prevalence.
48
**Most common** cognitive impairment in individuals > 65 yrs?
Alzheimer’s Dementia
49
List the **stages of Alzheimer’s Dementia**.
* Early Stage: memory loss, impaired learning, apathy, depression * Moderate Stage: psychotic features, responsive behaviours, wandering * Advanced: gait disturbance, dysphagia, incontinence, language loss ## Footnote Each stage presents different symptoms and challenges.
50
What is the **second most common dementia**?
Vascular Dementia ## Footnote Characterized by the death of nerve cells nourished by diseased vessels.
51
What are the **sub-types of Delirium**?
* Hyperactive: agitation, constant motion, non-purposeful or repetitive movements * Hypoactive: inactive, withdrawn, decreased motor and verbal responses * Mixed: fluctuating ## Footnote Each subtype presents different behaviours.
52
What are the criteria for **Depression** diagnosis?
* At least 2 weeks of depressed mood * Loss of interest/pleasure in nearly all activities * Additional symptoms: change in appetite, weight, sleep, activity, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, recurrent thoughts of death ## Footnote Impairment in social and occupational functioning is also considered.
53
**Whats the Young onset Dementia** ?
Fronto-Temporal Dementia
54
What are the two main **theoretical approaches** to dementia care?
* Biomedical Approach * Person-Centered Approach ## Footnote These approaches guide the understanding and treatment of dementia.
55
Who diagnosed a middle-aged woman with memory loss in **1906**?
Dr. Alois Alzheimer ## Footnote This diagnosis included symptoms such as disorientation and hallucinations.
56
What is a key method of **communication** in **Person-Centered Care**?
Non-verbal communication ## Footnote This includes eye contact and touch as important elements.
57
What the first step in the **Person Centered Approach** to managing **responsive behaviours**?
Assessment to identify triggers and determine patterns ## Footnote Understanding the underlying causes is crucial for effective care.
58
In **assessing responsive behaviours**, what 4 factors should be considered?
* Pathology: other diagnoses? Infection? Constipation? Dehydration? * The person: their history, fears, values, beliefs * The environment: look for triggers, e.g. noise? Isolation? Changes? * You: your relationship with the person, your initial response, your communication style ## Footnote This comprehensive approach aids in understanding the behaviour.
59
Who proposed a person-centred approach to dementia in **1980**?
Thomas Kitwood Focus on recognizing the person with dementia in terms of context (e.g. their history/experiences, their families/relationships)
60
What is **osteoarthritis**?
A degenerative joint disease ## Footnote It is the most common cause of impaired mobility, affecting one in seven Canadians.
61
What are the **risk factors** for Arthritis?
* Age * Obesity * Hereditary factors * Repetitive joint use or trauma ## Footnote Stiffness is relieved by activity; pain with activity is relieved by rest.
62
What are the **symptoms** of Arthritis?
* Pain at rest * Decreased range of motion * Enlarged joints
63
What is **polymyalgia rheumatica** and the risk factor?
An inflammatory disease similar to osteoarthritis in presentation Increased risk occurs in individuals over 50 and women.
64
What is **rheumatoid arthritis**?
An autoimmune disease that destroys cartilage and bone in joints
65
What is **gout**?
An inflammatory disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in a joint ## Footnote Characterized by a hot, red, painful joint, often the great toe.
66
What are some **intrinsic factors** that contribute to falling?
* Aging * History of falls * Fear of falling * Gait and balance problems * Sensory deficits (vision) * Chronic conditions (arthritis, stroke, diabetes) * Parkinson’s disease * Dementia ## Footnote These factors increase the risk of falls in older adults.
67
List the **extrinsic factors** for falling.
* No handrails on stairs * Poor design of stairs * No grab bars in bathroom * Poor lighting * Tripping hazards * Uneven surfaces * Medications * Improper use of assistive devices * Restraints ## Footnote These environmental factors can lead to increased fall risk.
68
What is the **consequence of falling** in older adults?
* >85% of all fractures in older adults are due to falling * Most common fractures: vertebrae, hip, forearm, leg, ankle, pelvis, upper arm, hand * >50% do not regain pre-fall mobility * Leading cause of death by injury ## Footnote Falls contribute to 40% of admissions to long-term care.
69
What are some **falls prevention strategies**?
* Exercise/strength and balance training * Use of assistive devices * Gait training * Medication review * Vision and hearing assessment * Assess postural hypertension * Safe environment * Staff education ## Footnote These strategies aim to reduce the risk of falls.
70
What does the acronym **S. A. F. E.** stand for in fall reduction?
* Safe environment * Assist with mobility * Fall risk reduction * Engage patient and family ## Footnote This framework helps in implementing fall prevention measures.
71
What are the **4 Ps** in intentional hourly nursing rounds?
* Pain * Peri-needs * Positioning * Possessions ## Footnote These elements are essential for patient care and comfort.
72
How common is **Arthritis**?
Most common cause of impaired mobility - One in seven Canadians
73
What needs to be balanced with **hydration**?
Fluid input and output ## Footnote Maintaining this balance is essential for preventing dehydration.
74
What conditions is **dehydration** associated with?
* Diabetes * Respiratory failure * Heart failure * Kidney failure * Decreased thirst sensation * Medications ## Footnote These associations highlight the importance of monitoring hydration in older adults.
75
What are the **signs of dehydration** in older adults?
* Skin turgor (less reliable) * Dry mucous membranes * Furrowed tongue * Sunken eyes * Orthostatic hypotension * Lab tests: elevation BUN ## Footnote Recognizing these signs is crucial for timely intervention.
76
What does **continence** require?
* Intact neurological function * Intact lower urinary tract function * Functional ability ## Footnote These factors are essential for maintaining continence in older adults.
77
What are the **types of incontinence**? Urge: Stress: Overflow: Functional: Mixed: Total:
* Urge: Increased urge, decreased control * Stress: Activities that cause urinary pressure * Overflow: Over-extension * Functional: Cognitive/Mobility limitations * Mixed: Both urge and stress * Total: Surgery or trama ## Footnote Understanding these types can aid in appropriate management strategies.
NURS 104
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