module 1.08

Question 1

what two cell types do cartilage contain?

Answer 1

immature chondroblasts- secrete extracellular matrix of cartilage
chondrocytes- mature cartilage cells, located in spaces called lacunae. (derived from chondroblasts)

Question 2

How are metabolites exchanged in cartilage?

Answer 2

Cartilage has no blood vessels so all exchange is through diffusion.

Question 3

what are the 3 types of cartilage found in the adults body?

Answer 3

hyaline cartilage, white fibrocartilage, elastic cartillage

Question 4

Give examples of where hyaline cartilage is found in the body?

Answer 4

• covers the end of synovial joints (articular cartilage)
• connects ribs to sternum (costal cartilage)
• forms the larynx and part ofteh nose and reinforces trachea and bronchi

Question 5

what are the main characteristics of white fibrocartilage and where is it found in the body?

Answer 5

• less matrix an more collagen than other cartillage
• compressible and able to resist high pressure
• found between the vertebrae (intervertebral disc) and in the knee joint (meniscus)

Question 6

what are the characteristics of elastic cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 6

• high levels of elastic fibres
• the external ear where it forms the pinna and the eustachian tube
• the throat where it forms the epiglottis

Question 7

where is the perichondrium found?

Answer 7

-it is a fibrous layer which surround hyaline and elastic cartilage ( with the exception of articular cartilage in synovial joints)

Question 8

what is the perichondrium made up of (inner and outer layer)?

Answer 8

Contains fibroblasts along with type I collagen in the outer layer and chondroblasts in the inner layer.

Question 9

what is the periosteum?

Answer 9

• it lines the outside surface of all bones
• vascularised
• perichondrium is continuous with periosteal bone which is continuous with surrounding connective tissue which forms the periosteum as it becomes vascularised

Question 10

How is bone classified and why?

Answer 10

Bone is classified as connective tissue because it shows the characteristics of all connective tissues

Question 11

what are the characteristics of all connective tissue?

Answer 11

relativley acellular, with osteogenic (bone generating) cells widely seperated with in abundant extracellular matrix

Question 12

what are the 4 types of cell in bone?

Answer 12

• osteocytes
• osteoclasts
• osteoblasts
• bone lining cells (osteogenic progenitor cells)

Question 13

What is the function of osteoblasts?

Answer 13

• make new bone matrix

- synthesise and secrete collagen fibres

Question 14

what are the characteristics of osteocytes?

Answer 14

• found in more mature bone (formed from osteoblasts)
• maintain the daily cellular activities of the bone tissue: exchange of nutrients and waste products with the blood
• sense stress placed on bone matrix

Question 15

what are the characteristics of osteoclasts?

Answer 15

• removal of old bone
• originate from monocyte precursors
• multinucleated
• plasma membrane facing the bone surface is ruffled and releases lysozymes and acids that digest and dissolve the protein and mineral matrix

Question 16

what are the functions of bone?

Answer 16

• locomotion
• support
• mineral homeostasis
• protection
• hematopoiesis
• (fat storage)

Question 17

what 4 cells are found in the bone marrow cells?

Answer 17

• stem cells (MSCs)
• RBCs
• WBCs
• Adipocytes

Question 18

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

Answer 18

• fibrous
• cartilaginous
• synovial

Question 19

what type of joint are skull suture, syndesmosis and gomphosis examples of?

Answer 19

fibrous joints

Question 20

what are the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 20

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 21

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

Answer 21

voluntary muscle, attached to bones and responsible for skeletal movements, controlled by peripheral nervous system

Question 22

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

Answer 22

Involuntary muscles, found in walls of hollow internal organs. control of autonomic nervous system

Question 23

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

Answer 23

Involuntary muscles, found in the walls of the heart. Under control of autonomic nervous system.

Question 24

what are the 6 main muscle types?

Answer 24

• circular
• convergent
• multipennate
• unipennate
• Bipennate
• parallel

Question 25

what are the 3 muscle compartments of the thigh and what movements is each responsible for?

Answer 25

Anterior comparment- hip flexion and knee extension Medial compartment - the adductor group as they primarily produce hip addduction Posterior compartment- hip extension and knee flexion

Question 26

what is the function of a tendon?

Answer 26

- to transmit forces generated from the muscle contraction through the bone to elicit movement - their fibro-elastic composition gives them the strength required to transmit large mechanical forces

Question 27

where are tendons found?

Answer 27

- tendons are situated between bone and muscle - each muscle has two tendons one proximally and one distally - proximal attachment is known as the origin - distal attachment is known as the insertion

Question 28

what is a musculotendinous junction and the osteotendinous junction?

Answer 28

musculotendinous- the point at which the tendon forms attachment to the muscle osteotendinous- the point at which the tendon connects with the bone

Question 29

what are the 2 layers of bone?

Answer 29

- compact/cortical | - trabecular bone

Question 30

what 2 components are bone made up of?

Answer 30

Inorganic components- hydroxyapetite -> nutrient from blood | Organic components- osteoid , collagen type I etc

Question 31

what are the 2 different types of bone formation?

Answer 31

- endochondral ossification - cartilage -> bone - intramembraneous ossification - fibrous membrane -> bone creates flat bones

Question 32

what are the four fields of developmental skills?

Answer 32

- gross motor - vision and fine motor - hearing, speech and language - social, emotional and behavioural

Question 33

what are the three major muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 33

- pectineus - satorius - quadriceps femoris

Question 34

what is the action of the rectus femoris?

Answer 34

the only muscle of the quadriceps to cross both the hip and the knee joints. It flexes the thigh at the hip joint, and extends at the knee joint.

Question 35

what is the action of the sartorius muscle?

Answer 35

At the hip joint, it is a flexor, abductor and lateral rotator. At the knee joint, it is also a flexor.

Question 36

What 4 muscles does the quadriceps femoris consist of?

Answer 36

- three vastus muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medalis - the rectus femoris

Question 37

what is the action of the 3 vastus muscles in the quadriceps femoris?

Answer 37

extend the knee joint and stabilise the patella

Question 38

what is the action of the pectineus?

Answer 38

adduction and flexion at the hip joint

Question 39

what are the five muscles in the medial compartment of the high?

Answer 39

gracilis, obturator externus, adductor brevis, adductor longus and adductor magnus (known as the hip adductors)

Question 40

what is the action of the adductor magnus?

Answer 40

- adduct the thigh - adductor components also flexed the thigh - hamstring portion extending the thigh

Question 41

what is the action of the adductor Longus?

Answer 41

adduction of the thigh

Question 42

what is the action of the adductor brevis?

Answer 42

adduction of the thigh

Question 43

what is the action of the obturator externus?

Answer 43

adduction and lateral rotation of the thigh

Question 44

what is the action of the gracilis?

Answer 44

adduction of the thigh at the hip, and flexion of the leg at the knee

Question 45

what are the 3 the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 45

-bicep femoris -semitendinosus - semimembranosus (known as the hamstrings)

Question 46

What is the action of the bicep femoris?

Answer 46

- main action is flexion at the knee - also extends the thigh at the hip - laterally rotates at the hip and knee

Question 47

what is the action of the semitendinous muscle?

Answer 47

- flexion of the leg at the knee joint - extension of thigh at the hip - medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint and the leg at the knee joint

Question 48

what is the action of the semimembranosus muscle?

Answer 48

- flexion of the leg at the knee joint - extension of the thigh at the hip - medially rotates the thigh ate the hip joint and the leg at the knee joint

Question 49

what are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 49

- tibialis anterior - extensor digitorum longus - extensor hallucis longus - fibularis tertius

Question 50

what is the action of the tibialis anterior muscle?

Answer 50

dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

Question 51

what is the action extensor digitorum longus muscle?

Answer 51

extension of the lateral four toes, and dorsiflexion of the foot

Question 52

what is the action of the etensor hallucis longus muscle?

Answer 52

extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion of the foot

Question 53

what is the action of the fibularis tertius?

Answer 53

Eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot

Question 54

what two layer are the 7 muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg split into?

Answer 54

the posterior of the leg contains 7 muscles, organised into 2 layers - superficial and deep. (2 layers are seperated by a band of fascia)

Question 55

what are the 3 superficial muscles of posterior section of the leg?

Answer 55

- gastrocnemius - plantaris - soleus

Question 56

what is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?

Answer 56

- plantarflexes at the ankle joint | - flexor at the knee

Question 57

what is the action of the plantaris muscle?

Answer 57

- plantarflexes at the ankle joint | - flexor at the knee

Question 58

what is the action of the soleus muscle?

Answer 58

plantarflexes the foot at the ankle joint

Question 59

what are the 4 muscles in the deep compartment of the posterior reg?

Answer 59

- popliteus - tibialis posterior - flexor digitorum longus - flexor hallucis longus

Question 60

what is the action of the popliteus muscle?

Answer 60

- laterally rotates the femur on the tibia | - 'unlocking' the knee joint so that flexion can occur

Question 61

what is the action of the tibialis posterior?

Answer 61

- inverts and plantarflexes the foot | - maintains the medial arch of the foot

Question 62

what is the action of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

Answer 62

-flexes the lateral four toes

Question 63

what is the action of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

Answer 63

-flexes the great toe

Question 64

what 4 muscles are in the upper arm?

Answer 64

anterior compartment: bicep brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis posterior compartment: triceps brachii

Question 65

what is the action of the biceps brachii?

Answer 65

- supination of the forearm | - also flexes the arm at the elbow and shoulder

Question 66

what is the action of the coracobrachialis muscle?

Answer 66

- flexion of the arm at the shoulder | - weak adduction

Question 67

what is the action of the brachialis muscle?

Answer 67

-flexion at the elbow

Question 68

what is the action of the tricep brachii muscle?

Answer 68

-extension of the arm at the elbow