What are the 3 components of emotion?
-physiological effects
-expressive behaviour
-conscious experience
What is the purpose of emotions? (5)
-focus attention
-drive behaviour
-influence performance
-easily identifiable
-evolutionary
What is Darwin’s ‘why’ of emotional expression? (3)
- serviceable habits
-a habit so it persists - principle of antithesis
-emotions opposite of useful - nervous system
-release activity
What is James-Lange’s theory of the ‘how’ of emotion?
-physiological effects and reactions to stimuli come before conscious experience
scary -> heart pumps faster -> fear
What is Cannon-Bard’s theory of the ‘how’ of emotion?
-physiological arousal + emotional experience occur at the same time
-cortex (expression) and thalamus (experience) react simultaneously
scary -> increase HR + fear
What is two-factor theory of the ‘how’ of emotion?
-physiological + cognitive combine to form emotion
-need interpretation to know how to react/feel
run + label emotion = feel emotion
Do emotions and cognitions interact? Give examples.
YES
-emotions affect thoughts
-thoughts affect emotions
What is the spillover effect?
-response from one event can spill into the response to other events
-heighten/dampen
What are the two emotional routes? Explain
-route
-what type of emotion is delt with there
= slow (high road)
-sensory, thalamus, cortex, amygdala
-complex emotions
= fast (low road)
-sensory,thalamus, amygdala
-basic emotions
What role does the amygdala play in emotion?
can be activated by emotional stimuli even if we’re unaware
-deals with both complex and simple emotions
-if removed/damaged then can remember fear but not feel it
What is Ekman’s work on universal expressions of emotion
Travelled to Papa New Guinea, where western emotion is not effective
-asked what people would feel in different scenarios
-saw the same 6 universal facial expressions
Ekman’s work showed the similarities in expression around the world but it also displayed the differences. What were they?
-not all can differ between shock and fear
-some places are less or more expressive in public
What are 3 factors which fear can be ingrained in a person?
- adaptive to environment
- genetics
- learnt through experience/observation
What is happiness adaptation?
-interpretation
-recent experiences influence reaction to events
-really good thing makes the good thing seem awful
What is happiness comparison?
-not happy with what you have
-compare to others and not content
What is the order of emotion, mood and reinforcer in shortest lasting to longest?
- reinforcer
- emotion
- mood
How do we try to understand these emotions as they originally evolved? (Tracy)
- all distinct adaptations
- behaviour elemonts occur over time
What is trace conditioning and how does it relate to taste?
CS has occured hours before US
-taste hours before digestion
What is Maslow’s hierchary of needs from higer-order to basic?
- self-actualization
- self-esteem
- love+belonging
- safety
- physological
What are the 2 motivation operations?
- establishing
- abolishing
Explain extablising operations
increase
->frequency of behaviour
->reinforcer efficacity
Explain abolishing operations
decrease
->reinforcer efficacity
->frequency of behaviour
What did Yerke and Dodson do?
studied how arousal effects performance in ONLY difficult tasks
-performance improved but only to a certain point
Explain Hull and Spence’s drive-reduction theory
need is determined by a combo of learning and persons physiology
