Module 1.2

Question 1

How did life begin

Answer 1

• began 4 billion years ago
• mitochondria and chloroplasts were own organisms
  
  • mitochondria came from aerobic, chloroplasts came from anaerobic
• oxygen was not really a thing until photosynthetic organisms evolved (they produce oxygen)
• all eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not all have chloroplast (therefore, mitochondria were absorbed first)

Question 2

mitochondria structures

Answer 2

• cristae folds (inner membranes)
• where cellular respiration actually happens
• has its own DNA

Question 3

Chloroplast structure

Answer 3

• thylakoid membranes
• stacks of thylakoid membranes = granum

Question 4

characteristics of symbiotic relationships

Answer 4

• both organisms getting help
• heritable and permanent

Question 5

characteristics of organelles

Answer 5

• allow for compartmentalization
• endomembrane system is a group of organelles (nucleus, ERs, ribosomes, golgi, phospholipid bilayer)

Question 6

flow of cellular respiration in photosynthetic organisms

Answer 6

1. organism absorbs CO2, sunlight, and water (from cell respiration or outside sources)
2. undergoes photosynthesis
3. creates sugars + other organic materials from photosynthesis
4. undergoes cellular respiration to turn sugars into ATP
5. cellular respiration produces water, and process can begin again

Question 7

photosynthesis reaction equation

Answer 7

6CO2 + 12H2O + light -> glucose + 6H2O + 6O2

Question 8

phases of photosynthesis

Answer 8

1. light reactions (along thylakoid membranes)
   *produce oxygen, which leaves cell
2. calvin cycle
   *sometimes these two are separated by time or location sometimes

Question 9

carbohydrates

Answer 9

monosaccharides:
- glucose, galactose, fructose
disaccharides:
- sucrose, lactose, maltose
polysaccharides:
- starch (amylose - unbranched, and amylopectin - branched), glycogen, cellulose

Question 10

cell respiration process