Levels of Organisation in the human Body
Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems,
4 Different Types of Tissues
Epithelial Tissues, Nervous Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissue.
What is ECM? (Extracellular Matric Fluid)
- located outside the cells and produced by the cells of a specific tissue
- is a matrix of proteins, salts, water and dissolved macromolecules
- monitored and maintained by cells
- changes in response to physical stresses
- muscle has little ECM; Connective Tissue has more
Function of Epithelial Tissue
- covers body surfaces, lines cavities and forms glands, i.e. skin
Function of Nervous Tissue
Receives, transmits and integrates information to control body activities (Neurons)
Function of Muscle Tissue
Responsible for movement & support of body parts, or movement of materials within the body
Function of Connective TIssue
Supports the other tissues, protects the other tissues and binds together tissues, storage of fats and minerals, supports organs structurally and functionally.
What do neurons do?
- transmit information through action potentials
Glial Cells support neurons.
Types and Functions of Muscle Tissue (3)
- Cardiac Muscle - heartbeat & moves blood.
- Smooth Muscle - peristalysis & moves food
- Skeletal Muscle - important for movement and interaction with environment
Types & Functions of Connective Tissue (4)
- Loose Connective Tissue (between/around organs and beneath skin, like edomysum layer)
- Fibrous Connective Tissue - dense bundles of collagen fibres from bone to muscle, provides some sock absorption, limits range of motion
- Cartiliage - smooth elastic connective tissue protects ends of long bones, in between ribs,
- Bone - mineralised connective tissue
Difference between Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts in bone
Osteoblasts responsible for bone growth, osteocytes mature bone and maintain/monitor bone matrix, osteoclasts are bone resorbing and destroy it.
Function of Organ System
Organ System involves multiple organs that work together to coordinate activities for the organism - Nervous System, Skeletal System, Muscular System
Describe Anatomical Position
- Standing Upright
- Feet Parallel on the floor
- Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away
- Head level and looking forward
- Arms positioned at side
Describe Axial
Axial includes, head, neck and trunk - along the vertical axis of the body
Describe Appendicular
Appendicular include upper and lower limbs - all those not attached to axial
Name 4 Body Cavities
- Cranial Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity (heart/lungs)
- Abdominal Cavity (digestive system)
- Pelvic Cavity (bladder and reproductive organs, etc.)
Directional Terminology: Describe locations of anterior, posterior, superior, interior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal,
Anterior - back to chest, Posterior - chest to back
Superior - hips to head
Inferior - hips to feet
Medial - inwards from each shoulder towards spine
Lateral - outwards away from spine in transverse plane
Proximal - from feet up, or hands up
Distal - from shoulders down, or knees down.
Describe differences from Unilateral, Bilateral, Ipsilateral, vs. Contralateral
Unilateral - one side, one pain,
Bilateral - both sides, in one section
Ipsilateral - on both sides on longitudal axis, both left arm and leg.
Contralateral - opposing limbs, left leg and right arm
Sagital Plane
Vertically down center through nose, between legs
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Vertical plane of face, separating spine from chest through all limbs
Transverse Plane
Horizontal Plane in line of hips, dividing superior from inferior
Coronal Axis
On Sagital Plane, directional movement occurs around coronal axis like flexion and extension of the limbs, soldier walk.
Sagital Axis
On Coronal Plane, directional movement occurs around sagital axis like abduction and adduction; tilting of head, star jumps with palms forward
Longitudinal Axis
On Transverse Plane, directional movement occurs around longitudinal axis like rotation of the head, pronation and supination of forearm - basically rotating it.
