what are some physical ageing changes?
- wrinkles
- hair loss
- thicker hair in ears/nose
- double chin
- loss of height
- curving posture
age related changes to the cardiovascular system
- valves become less efficient
- left ventricular and atrial hypertrophy
- aterial wall thickens
age related changes in the gastrointestinal system
- decreases in strength of muscles of taste and thirst (reduced and slower absorption of nutrients)
- liver size and blood flow are reduced (decreased metabolism of drugs)
age related changes in endocrine system
- reduced testosterone production
- reduced vit D absorption and activation
- reduced secretion of TSH and thryoxine
age related changes to skin, hair and nails
- dermis becomes thinner - more prone to injury
- subcutaneous tissue thins - reduced ability to modulate temp
age related changes in musculoskeletal system
- decreased muscle mass and strength - sarcopenia
- lower limb muscles atrophy
- deterioation and drying of joint cartilage
age related factors which contribute to a decline in muscle strength
- lack of activity or immobility
- dietary factors
- decreased oxygen
- GIT malabsorption or impaired glucose
age related changes to the respiratory system
- decreased respiratory muscle strength
- decreased vital capacity in lungs
- increased residual volume in lungs
age related changes in urinary system
- decreases in kidney mass
- decrease in blood flow through kidney
- reduced bladder elasticity
- increased post- void residual
- prostate enalargement
age related changes in reproductive system
female
* external and internal genitals
males
* reduced fertility
age related changes to the eye and vision
conjunctiva
* decrease in numbers of goblet cells
pupil
* size becomes smaller
what is the RLT model for nursing
a conceptual framework for practice a way of thinking about nursing based on a model of living
what are the 12 activities of living?
- maintaining a safe envrionment
- communicating
- breathing
- eating and drinking
- eliminating
- personal cleaning and dressing
- controlling body temp
- mobilizing
- working and playing
- expressing sexuality
- sleeping
- dying
nursing theories of ageing
theories of ageing
* focus on explaining the reasons why and how human beings age
nursing theories of ageing
* discipline specific in that they focus on the core concepts of person, health, nursing and envrionment
what is miller’s theory - concpets
- care is holisitc
- age related chnages have a different impact than risk factors
- health promotion interventions are prioritised
different types of biological theories of ageing
- wear and tear theory
- corss linkage theory
- free radical theory
- endocrine thoery
- immunological theory
- evolutionary theories
what is the wear and tear theory
- repetitive use of different body structures over time
- the human body can be likened to a machine
- wearing out the skeletal system
what is cross linking theory
- ageing resuts from the accumulation of bonds between molecules
what is the free radical theory
- oxidative stress
- made in the body through oxidation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates
programmed theory of ageing
- ageing is a programmed aspect of huamn development
evolutionary theories of ageing
- ageing has not evolved for “the good of the species” but is a “feature of life that exists because selection is weak and ineffective at maintaining survival, reproduction and somatic repair at old age
immunological theories of ageing
- the immune system is programmed to decline over time
- ageing is a result of damage to the immune system
onset differences between delirium, dementia and depression
- delirium - sudden over hours or days
- dementia - slow, deterioration over months or years
- depression - often abrupt - may coincide with life changes
