Module 2 Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

**Frontal lobe** - Locate at the front of the head and is responsible for voluntary motor activity, speech, and thought **Parietal lobe** - Located between the frontal and occpital lobe * Primary responsible for reciving and processing sensory inputs **Occipitial lobe** - Located just above the cerebellum * back of the head * does initial processing for vision **Temporal lobe** - Located on the side of the head and is involved in vision and hearing

Answer 2

* **Somatosenation** * Receives info on physcial sensation * Pheripheral nervous system transmits * Somaesthetic sensation to the somatosensory cortex * Located at the most anterior region of the parietal lobes * Initial input as well as proicocetive input * Goes to higher sensory areas for further processing * Analysis and interpretory of sensory input **Somatosensory cortex** * Recieves somatosynthetic and proiceptive inputs frpm specific areas of the body * Not every part of the body is equally represented in the somatosensory cortex. Look at the figure.

Answer 3

* Contains primary motor cortex which is located beside the somatosensory cortex of the pareital lobes * Seperated by the central culcus * This area contains large pyrimidal neurons that send axons down the spinal cord and synpases with the alpha motor * The primary motor cortex works in conjunction with premotor cortex * Located a fewmm anterior to the primary motor cortex * Not ever Motor neuron is equally represented like the somatosensory cortex. The premotor cortex and primary motor cortex are not the only parts involved in motor control

Answer 4

* Integrates motor and sensory control * Does play a role in voluntary initiation of movement * contains the most neurons in the brain

Answer 5

VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM * Small green section in the middle of the structure * Important for balance and spatial orientation and controls eye movemnt SPINOCEREBULLUM * Regulates voluntary movements * Reaching for an object - the spinocerebellum is constantly recieving vision inputs as well as spatial location of your arm and hand to allow complex movements to be smooth and precise CEREBROCEREBELLUM * Recieves all of its inputs from the cerebral cortex * involved in planning of voluntary movements as well as the evaluation of sensory information

Answer 6

* Consists of several masses of gray and white matter * Associated with a variety of functions including * Motor control * cognition * emotions * learning Divided into 4 sections Caudate nucleus - located near the middle of the brain near the corpus callosum Putamen - some orange shit next to the hypothalamus Globus pallidus - another blob of orange shit Claustrum - a longer string of the orange shit in the samilar location * It is highly connected to all brain regions * Thalamus involved in positively reinfocing voluntary movbemnts initiated by the cortex * Can exert inhibitory effects on the thalamus * Influence brainstem to inhibit motor activity

Answer 7

* Inhibit muscle tone throughout the body - regulated by excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Adjusting one or the otehr allows for precise movements * Permits purposeful motor activity while supressing unwanted movements * Helping monitor and coordinate sustained contractions such as those related to posture

Answer 8

* Not a specific structure but many interconnected regions * Includes lobes of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus and the hypothalamus * Involved in emotions * behaviour and motivation and learning

Answer 9

* Various feelings and moods * Includes behaviopural patterns * Emotional responses vary greatly between individuals * One person can be terrifed of snaked and one person mioght not be * So complex not well understood *

Answer 10

* Includes sexual behavior * Two major structures involved with this * **Hypothalamus** * Plays a role becasue it governs involuntary internal responses in preparation for the appropriate action * When angry, hypothalamus can increase heart rate and repsiratory rate and increase blood pressure * Shunt blood to skeletal muscle in preparation to fight **Cortex** * Neural mechanism for regulating skeletal muscle responses * Higher cortical areas can also modify or reinforce supress behaviopural responses to permit more refined responses based on analysis of the current situation

Answer 11

* This is the behvaiour towards specific goals * Some behaviours are homeostatic in nature. If you are thristy the kidneys are signalled to conserve water and initiate the thirs response. Up to the CNS - you if you want to do that or not * **Brain reward circuit** * Behaviours that are proven gratfifying with result in repeat actions * Actions that yield the opposite effect will initiate the opposite response * SOme individuals are motivated by punishment centers if it will lead to a long term reward

Answer 12

* Acquisition of reinfocing knowledge or skills * Major influence on learning is punishment and reinfocement. Both rewards can be positive or negative * Experiemntatoon showed that when an animal was rewarded for its behaviour it was likely to do it again

Answer 13

* **Punishment** - Decreasing behaviour * **Reinforcement** - Increasing behaviour * Positive punishment - adding something to decrease behaviour * Negative punishment - subtracting something to decreases behaviour * Positive reinforcement - adding something to increase behaviour * Negative reinforcement - removing something to increase behaviour

Answer 14

* Storage of acquired knowledge * Forms the basis that elts individuals change behaviour * Neural changes occur during learning that are stored in memory traces * They can be complex and are reinforced through learning such as memorization * A memory trace is not a single neuron but a pattern of signals trabsmitted across a vast synapse memory

Answer 15

* newly acquired memory is stored in the short term memory * This has limited capacity * Has 2 fates - forgotten, or transffered to long term storage throigh prac and rehearsal * The more likely info is recycled into short term memory the more likely it is to be transfferd to long term memory which has large capacity

Answer 16

* Remain availble from 30 seconds to several days * Majority of short term memories will be forgotten and will be effetcively pushed out of the brain to make way for new facts and short term memories

Answer 17

* Events or experiences or facts that were learned weeks or months or years ago * Recall of knowledge happens at different rates * Memories involving information or skill used frequently such as writing are never forgotten and always accessible * less frequently accessed memories are long term and slower to recall

Answer 18

* No one memory storage center * Neurons involved in memory traces are widespread * Spread across the following 3 regions HIPPOCAMPUS * Vital in short term memory * Important for consolidation and initial storage of long term memories * hippocampus seems to play a role in declartive memories * "what memores" of specific people, palces and facts CEREBELLUM * Plays a role in "how to" procedural memories * Involving motor skills gained through repetitive training. These memories can be recalled without conscious effort PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX * Compex reasoning skills * associated with working memory * responsible for execution of cuntions involving integration for planning, juggling priorites, problem solving and organizing activities

Answer 19

* These snails have small amount of brain * They are simple. * There are 2 forms of memories. * habituation * sensitization

Answer 20

* Decreased responsiveness to an indifferent stimulus that does not punish nor reward * Alpysia can withdraw their gill. If you touch it and does nothing eventually they will stop reacting because the stimulus is nor harmful

Answer 21

* Increased responsiveness to mild stimuli that occur following as strong or noxious stimulus * The syphon is struch hard, s subsequent gentle touch will withdrawl the gill.

Module 2 Flashcards

CNS (46 cards)