Module 2

Question 1

Occur prior to specimen testing

Answer 1

Pre-analytical Variables

Question 2

• identification
• age
• sex
• dietary intake
• treatment
• physiological changes

Answer 2

Patient

Question 3

• type of sample
• type of tube additive
• hemolysis
• contamination

Answer 3

Sample Collection

Question 4

• storage
• timing
• transportation
• preparation
• centrifugation
• stability
• temperature

Answer 4

Processing

Question 5

Diagnostic Process that could produce a lot of errors

Answer 5

Pre-analytical Phase

Question 6

Color of Sodium citrate tube

Answer 6

Blue Cap

Question 7

Color of Serum tubes

Answer 7

Red or Gold

Question 8

Color of Heparin tube

Answer 8

Dark Green or Light Green

Question 9

Color of EDTA tube

Answer 9

Lavender, Pearl, or Pink

Question 10

Color of Sodium fluoride / Potassium Oxalate

Answer 10

Gray

Question 11

Sample rejection criteria of the emergency laboratory

Answer 11

• Improper test requests
• Inappropriate transport
• Specimens without barcode
• Improper container
• Misidentification
• Insufficient specimen volume
• Incorrect preservation
• Lipemic specimen
• Hemolyzed specimen
• Clotted samples with fibrin

Question 12

Diagnostic Process that occurs during actual testing of the specimen

Answer 12

Analytical Variables

Question 13

Diagnostic Process that occurs after test result is generated

Answer 13

Post-analytical Variables

Question 14

Post-Analytical Variables

Answer 14

• Wrong entry of test results
• Doctor/Ward Staff not informed about abnormal results in time
• Report signed without confirming result
• Delayed turnaround time

Question 15

Patient Identification

Answer 15

• The most serious error is failure to properly identify patient
• Two patient identifiers must be present (Name and identification number such as birthday)

Question 16

Using a needle to take blood from veins

Answer 16

Phlebotomy

Question 17

If anticoagulant additives are not mixed gently, if blood is drawn from a hematoma, frothing of the sample, venipuncture is incorrect

Answer 17

Hemolysis

Question 18

Can be caused by prolonged torniquet or long-term IV therapy

Answer 18

Hemoconcentration

Question 19

The time from receipt of the specimen in the laboratory to the time the result is reported

Answer 19

Turn Around Time

Question 20

Life or death information that must be directly reported to healthcare provider for immediate action

Answer 20

Critical Value

Question 21

Quick turnaround time generally an hour or less from specimen receipt until test result reporting

Answer 21

Stat Test

Question 22

Turnaround time without the immediate need for results

Answer 22

Routine Test

Question 23

Potential Sources For Interferences

Answer 23

• Hemolysis
• Turbidity
• Lipemia
• Paraproteinemia
• Uremia
• Icterus
• Cross reactivity

Question 24

Testing occurs in close proximity to the patient

Answer 24

Bedside or point-of-care testing

Question 25

Most common Point of Care testing errors

Answer 25

- Operational incompetence - Nonadherence to test procedures - Use of uncontrolled reagents and equipment

Question 26

Considered as normal range

Answer 26

Reference Range

Question 27

Considered as best possible optimal range

Answer 27

Desirable Range

Question 28

Range of drug concentration that achieves desired effects without causing toxicity

Answer 28

Therapeutic Range

Question 29

A set of values that includes upper and lower limits of a lab test based on a group of healthy people

Answer 29

Reference range

Question 30

Quantitative to determine positive and negative test results

Answer 30

Diagnostic Cut-off

Question 31

The probability that the test result correctly predicts the existence and absence of a particular condition

Answer 31

Accuracy (true positives + true negatives) / total subjects evaluated

Question 32

The ability to detect if a disease is really present

Answer 32

Sensitivity (true positives) / (true positives + false negatives)

Question 33

The ability to exclude persons who do not have the disease

Answer 33

Specificity (true negatives) / (true negatives + false positives)

Question 34

The best screening test must have what?

Answer 34

High sensitivity and followed by confirmatory test with high specificity

Question 35

Tells you how often a positive test represents a true positive

Answer 35

Positive Predictive Value (true positives) / (true positives + false positives)

Question 36

Tells you how often a negative test represents a true negative

Answer 36

Negative Predictive Value (true negatives) / (true negatives + false negatives)

Question 37

A statistical measure of the dispersion of data points in a data series around the mean, indicates variability of test results

Answer 37

Coefficient of Variation (CV) = standard deviation / sample mean