- Population health promotion (PHP) has made a shift from a more individualized focus to a more ______ _____ Approach
Community based
How do the determinants of Health affect Health promotion?
- Sometimes it is easy to forget to work with the determinants of health when trying to improve the health of a community.
- If they are not looked at, it can cause inaction and a lack of change within the community.
- We cannot create any change within a community until we look at the determinants and how they affect the individual members as well as the community as a whole.
What are the 5 health promotion strategies identified in the Ottawa Charter?
-These 5 strategies shifted the focus to include communities and shifted responsibility to governments, communities, and individuals.
The strtegies are strengthening community action, building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services
How can we promote health by strengthening community action?
We can empower communities and engage them from the ‘bottom up’.
Involve members in identifying health issues, planning and initiating interventions specific to the community. Promote community development!
What is community development and what is the goal?
- Community development is a process whereby community members identify health concerns affecting their community that require the development of capacity building skills to bring about needed change. Partnerships are essential.
- Resources, assets, and possible contributions from partners are recorded or “mapped” to build a capacity list. The information gathered from asset mapping should be used to promote community development.
The goal is a secure and healthy community with buy-in from all community members.
What is community mobilization?
- Community mobilization is the use of community capacity to create change through an action plan. It refers to individuals in a community working together as a group to influence healthy public policy.
How can we promote health by building healthy public policy?
We can create environments that support health and reduce inequities in health social policies.
This requires coordination from all levels of government (municipal, provincial, federal) and specific areas of governments (ex: agriculture and health) to identify and develop public policies that affect health.
Advocacy at a policy level!
How has the empowerment of individuals resulted in health public policy?
Bylaws restricting smoking in areas, seatbelts, etc.
- In 1994, a federal provincial, and territorial advisory committee identified five categories that determine the health of Canadians, what are they?
-Social and economic environment, physical environment, personal health practices, individual capacity and coping skills, health services
- In 2005, provincial, territorial, and federal ministers of health outlined health goals for Canada based on what four areas?
basic needs (social and physical environments); belonging and engagement; healthy living; and a system for health
How can we promote health by creating supportive environments?
We can provide supportive environments in all settings; home, work and play that are safe, satisfying, stimulating and enjoyable.
- Creating a supportive environment includes the activities of social marketing, advocacy, health communication, and mutual aid.
- Health equality and considering the population’s determinants of health, contribute to to creating such environments.
- Strengthening advocacy through community action
- Enabling communities and individuals to take control over their health and environment through education and empowerment
- Building alliances for health and supportive environments in order to strengthen the co-operation between health and environmental campaigns and strategies
- Mediating between conflicting interests in society in order to ensure equitable access to supportive environments for health
How can we promote health through literacy and health literacy?
We can utilize the 9 literacy skills which are essential to achieving success in work, learning and life.
What aspects of health and life can literacy impact?
overall health status, co-morbidity burden, life expectancy, lifestyle practices, culture, income and socioeconomic status, living and working conditions, educational attainment, gender, and early life.
What is health literacy?
- Health literacy is defined as the ability to access, understand, evaluate, and communicate information as a way to promote, maintain, and improve health in a variety of settings across the lifespan.
How can we promote health by developing personal skills?
One aspect is the provision of health education to empower clients as individuals and to promote client involvement in health care decisions.
This strategy also includes the adoption of healthier behaviors, such as stress management, healthy eating, and physical activity. This works to build individual capacity so that persons will make lifestyle choices that promote health.
For population behavior to occur, what are the 4 E’s we need to consider?
education, environment supports, economic levers, and enforcement of regulations and legislation.
How can we promote health by re-orientating health services?
This involves reforming health services and the health sector so that they include a health promotion focus. This requires movement beyond the focus on cure and clinical services.
Areas that need to be considered include the link between the determinants of health and population health; social justice; the individual as a holistic being; community based care that is accessible, affordable, acceptable, and appropriate for the clients; a greater focus on population health and on health research; and modification to professional education..
What is downstream thinking related to health, and how can we use a population health promotion strategy with this concept?
-Downstream refers to taking a microscopic individual, curative focus, a view that doesn’t consider the economic, sociopolitical, and environmental variables.
•Based on the definition, it seems fair that the only strategy that it would really apply to would be Developing Personal Skills. In this strategy there is more of a focus on individuals and their skills.
What is midstream thinking related to health, and how can we use a population health promotion strategy with this concept?
Midstream thinking is more ‘in the middle’, The midstream approach focuses on the lifestyle and behavior of an individual and includes health promotion and prevention.
What is upstream thinking related to health, and how can we use a population health promotion strategy with this concept?
-Upstream looks beyond the individual to take a macroscopic, big-picture population focus.
•This type of thinking applies more to the PHP strategies. The goal of all 5 strategies is to focus less on the individuals and more on the entire community.
What is the role of partnerships in population health promotion?
Partnerships are essential, they create resources for the community.
- Many partnerships are not actually with other health care professionals. Might encounter partners such as schools, the justice system, community agencies such as churches, medical clinics, etc.
- The role of these partnerships is to collaborate together to see what resources and assets these partners can create or offer to the community to positively impact the health of the members of the community.
What are the 5 CHN standards of practice for all community health nursing practice settings?
Promoting health, building capacity, building relationships, facilitating access and equity, demonstrating professional responsibility and accountability.
How is health defined by the Ottawa charter?
“to reach a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment”.
What is Health promotion?
- In 2005, the WHO redefined health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health.
- Health promotion moves beyond health maintenance to incorporate improvements in health resulting in health gains.
- Embodies a sociopolitical process in which actions are aimed at reducing the effects of social, environmental, and economic conditions on individual, family, aggregate, and community health.
