ANAT100 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

how many named bones are in the skeletal system

A

206

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2
Q

what % of body mass is the skeletal system?

A

20%

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3
Q

what are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support and protection
  • movement
  • hemopoiesis
  • storage of mineral and energy reserves
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4
Q

how does the skeletal system provide support and protection?

A
  • structural support, framework for entire body

- protect delicate tissues and organs from injury/trauma

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5
Q

how does the skeletal system aid with movement?

A
  • attachment sites for muscles, soft tissues and organs
  • muscles attached to the skeleton contract and exert a pull on the skeleton, then functions as a system of levers
  • bones can alter the direction and magnitude of the forces
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6
Q

how does the skeletal system contribute to hemopoiesis?

A

it occurs in the RED BLOOD MARROW, which is located in some spongy bone

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7
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

the process of blood cell production

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8
Q

how does the skeletal system provide storage?

A

more than 90% of the body’s reserves of the minerals calcium and phosphate are stored within and released by bone

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9
Q

what makes up the outer layer of bone?

A

compact bone which is hard and strong

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10
Q

what makes up the inner layer of bone?

A

spongy bone

- blood cell production occurs int he inner cavity of the bone!

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11
Q

what are the 4 types of bones (and examples!)

A
  1. Flat - skull
  2. irregular - vertebrae
  3. long - femur
  4. short - ankle, wrist
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12
Q

what are the three components of long bones?

A
  1. epiphysis - big knobby ends, strengthen joints, attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
  2. metaphysis - region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
  3. diaphysis - shaft
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13
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A
  • layer of cartilage that covers the epiphysis
  • reduces friction between joints
  • absorbs shock in movable joints
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14
Q

what bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

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15
Q

how many bones are in the skull?

A

22

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16
Q

where is the frontal cranial bone located?

A

forms the forehead and roof of the orbits (eye sockets)

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17
Q

where are parietal cranial bones located?

A

form superior and lateral surfaces of skull

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18
Q

where are the temporal cranial bones located?

A

forms the lateral and inferior walls of the skull

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19
Q

what are the features of the temporal bone?

A
  1. zygomatic process (long thing sticking out)
  2. external auditory meatus (ear hole)
  3. mastoid process
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20
Q

where is the occipital bone?

A

forms posterior wall and base of skull

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21
Q

features of the occipital bone

A
  1. foramen magnum (big hole)

2. occipital condyles

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22
Q

where is the sphenoid?

A

joins the cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost every other bone in the skull

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23
Q

which bone is known as the “keystone of the skull” ?

A

sphenoid

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24
Q

are are sutures?

A

attachments/articulations between the flat bones of the skull

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25
what are the four main sutures in the skull?
Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones Saggital - between parietal bones Lambdoid - between occipital and parietal bones Squamous - between temporal and parietal bones
26
what is a fossa?
depression in a bone
27
how many fossa are on the floor of the cranium?
3
28
what are the three fossa on the floor of the cranium?
- anterior - middle - posterior
29
how many facial bones are there in the skull?? What are they?
Maxillary Nasal Zygomatic bones Mandible
30
Maxillary
upper jaw bones
31
Nasal
Articulate with the frontal lobe | forms bridge of nose
32
zygomatic bones
cheekbones
33
what is the temporal process
Part of the zygomatic bones: articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
34
Mandible
lower jaw
35
What are the features of the mandible?
1. body 2. ramus 3. angle
36
how many bones make up the vertebral column?
26 - 24 vertebrae - 1 sacrum - 1 coccyx
37
how long is the spine in an average adult?
70cm
38
what are the five divisions of the vertebral column? How many vertebrae each?
1. Cervical - 7 2. Thoracic - 12 3. Lumbar - 5 4. Sacrum - 5 fused 5. Coccyx - 4 fused
39
what are the three components of the vertebrae structure?
1. body (anterior) 2. vertebral arch (posterior) - spinous and transverse processes 3. Vertebral Foramen (canal) - houses spinal cord
40
what are the two processes that are apart of the vertebral arch?
- spinous process: extends posteriorly | - transverse process: paired, extends laterally
41
What are the two atypical vertebrae?
C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
42
characteristics of C1
- first cervical vertebra - anterior arch: provides attachment with the dens (C2) - Lateral masses: provides attachment with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone
43
characteristics of C2
- second cervical vertebra | - dens: rests within the anterior arch of C1
44
How do C1 and C2 contribute to head movement?
- The skull rests on top of the lateral masses of C1 via the occipital condyles (allows NODDING of the head) - The dens of C2 articulates with the anterior arch of C1 (allows SHAKING of the head)
45
what are the two vertebral articulations
1. intervertebral discs | 2. intervertebral foramen
46
Characteristics of intervertebral discs
- "jelly-filled donut" - located between two vertebra - shock absorber - made of fibrocartilage
47
characteristics of intervertebral foramen
- lateral openings between adjacent vertebra | - allow for the passage of spinal nerves
48
what are the elements of the sacrum
apex base sacral formina sacral canal
49
what is the coccyx
- fusion of 3-5 vertebrae (usually 4) | - little rattlesnake tail looking thing at the bottom of the sacrum
50
Three parts of the THORACIC CAGE
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum
51
how many pairs of ribs are there? How many are true? false? floating?
12 total. 1-7 are true 8 - 12 false 11 and 12 false floating
52
structure of a typical rib
shaft, costal grove, angle, tubercle, neck, head (see pic)
53
what are the three parts of the sternum from top to bottom
1. Manubrim (articulates with rib 1) 2. Body (articulates with ribs 2-7) 3. Xiphoid process
54
how many bones are apart of the UPPER limb?
31
55
Which bones are apart of the UPPER limb
- Pectoral girdle - Arm (humerus) - Forearm - Wrist and Hand
56
how many bones make up the LOWER limb?
32
57
what composes the Lower limb
- pelvic girdle - femur - tibia - fibula - ankle and foot
58
PECTORAL GIRDLE
connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton
59
what are the two parts of the pectoral girdle?
clavicle | scapula
60
what is the clavicle
S-shaped bone that joins with the manubrium and the scapula
61
what shape is the scapula
triangular
62
what are the three part of the scapula
- anterior surface (coracoid process) - posterior surface (acromion and spine) - lateral surface (glenoid fossa)
63
purpose of the coracoid process
stabilize shoulder joint
64
purpose of the glenoid fossa
articulates with the head of the humerus (arm bone) to contribute to the shoulder joint
65
what two bones make up the forearm?
radius and ulna
66
what are the four parts of the radius?
- head - neck - shaft - distal end
67
characteristics of the head of the radius
- round, disc shaped | - articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
68
characteristics of the distal end of the radius
- wide and flat - articulates with the wrist joint - styloid process
69
What are the three components of the ulna
1. olecranon 2. coronoid process 3. trochlear notch
70
where is the olecranon
fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
71
where is the coronoid process
fits into the corodoin fossa of the humerus
72
where is the trochlear notch
interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus
73
what are the three elements of the hand
wrist palm/hand digits/fingers
74
what kind of bones are in the wrist? How many?
8 carpal bones
75
What kind of bones are in the palm/hand? How many?
5 metacarpal bones
76
what bones make up the fingers? How many?
14 phalanges
77
PELVIC GIRDLE
attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton
78
what are the three parts of the pelvic girdle
- ilium - ischium - pubis
79
Components of the Ilium
- iliac crest - grand sciatic notch - ASIS - AIIS - PSIS - PIIS
80
which component of the pelvic girdle is the largest?
ILIUM
81
components of the ischium
- ischial tuberosity (sit bones) - ischial spine - lesser sciatic notch - ischial ramus
82
where does the pubis fit?
fuses with both the ilium and the ischium. | unites with the other pubic bone at the pubic symphysis
83
what are the structures formed by the bones of the pelvic girdle?
1. ACETABULUM | 2. OBTURATOR FORAMEN
84
Components of the Proximal end of the femur
- greater trochanter - lesser trochanter - linea aspera
85
what is the linea aspera?
the ridged posterior surface of the shaft, compared to the smooth anterior surface
86
components of the distal end of the femur
- linea aspera - medial and lateral condyles - intercondylar notch - patellar (knee cap) surface
87
What is the difference between the humerus and the femur
femur is larger, wider shaft, longer, more circular head, larger condyles - makes sense, because the femur plays a critical role in supporting the body's weight
88
what are the four parts of the tibia
1. medial and lateral condyles 2. intercondylar eminence 3. shaft 4. distal end
89
four parts of the fibula
head neck shaft distal end (lateral malleolus)
90
which part of the fibula connects to the tibia
head (proximal end)
91
Differences between forearm and leg
size! - in forearm, the radius and ulna are similar in size but in the leg, the tibia is much wider than the fibula (to bear weight)
92
bones in the ankle
7 tarsal bones
93
bones in the foot
5 metatarsal bones
94
bones in the toes
14 phalanges
95
what is a joint?????
where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth
96
5 kinds of joints
1. Glenohumeral joint (shoulder) 2. hip joint 3. elbow joint 4. intervertebral joint 5. suture
97
what are the three basic movements made by synovial joints?
1. gliding 2. angular 3. rotation
98
define gliding
the motion of bones sliding on one another
99
example of a gliding joint
hands, spine
100
define angular joint
motion that changes the joint angle
101
what are the four types of angular joints
- flexion (bending/decreasing angle) - extension (straightening/increasing angle) - abduction (taking away from midline) - adduction (bringing toward the midline)
102
rotation joints definition
when a joint pivots around its own axis
103
the two types of rotation in joints
``` medial = towards the midline lateral = away from the midline ```
104
what are the three special joint movements?
1. Supination/Pronation 2. Inversion/Eversion 3. Circumduction
105
what is supination and pronation
rotation of the radius over the ulna! - supination = palms face front - pronation = palms face back
106
inversion and eversion?
twisting motion of the ankle - Inversion = soles turn inward - eversion = soles turn outward
107
what is circumduction?
a continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succession (i.e. arm circles)
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