what is essential to start the adaptive immune response?
the innate immune cells
what occurs every time, everywhere you have an infection? What does it help with?
inflammation
- helps us get rid of the pathogen
- help us repair and regenerate tissue
what is inflammation?
- redness, swelling, painful
- innate, nonspecific response to tissue injury
- recruitment of phagocytes to invaded or injured area
every tissue with no exception will have ______ and will have _______ ______ ____.
- macrophages
- resident immune cells
when there is an injury, inflammation recruits phagocytes to the invaded or injured area to do what?
- isolate, destroy or inactivate the invaders
- remove debris (macrophages are really good at eating pathogens)
- prepare for subsequent healing and repair
what are our most important cells to activate inflammation?
macrophages
what cell is first alerted to the presence of a pathogen or injury?
macrophages
when macrophages engulf pathogens in innate immunity, what do they secrete?
cytokines and chemotaxins
what does activated mast cells release?
histamine
what does histamine do in innate immunity?
dilates local blood vessels and widens the localized capillary pores. the cytokines cause neutrophils and monocytes to stick to the blood vessel wall
what does chemotaxins attract? what do they do?
- attracts neutrophils and monocytes, which squeeze out between cells of the blood vessel wall (called diapedesis) and migrates to the infection site
what is diapedesis?
when neutrophils and monocytes squeeze out between cells of the blood vessel wall
when neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the infection site in innate immunity, what do they do?
monocytes enlarge into macrophages. the macrophages and neutrophils engulf the pathogens and destroy them
what happens when the epithelial cells of a capillary dilate during innate immunity?
cells and fluid are going to leave the capillary. the cells help to destroy the pathogens and the fluid (plasma) is going to cause the inflammation
why is inflammation red?
- increased capillary size and some RBCs exit
why is inflammation hot?
cytokines. they increase temperature
when does the inflammation response differ?
- it is similar no matter what the triggering event. whether it is sterile or from pathogens
- what is the inflammatory response initiated by?
resident tissue macrophages that release cytokines and chemokines
what is edema?
swelling
does inflammation have a clotting factor?
yes. to make sure no more pathogens enter
what is emigration?
the recruitment of leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes)
when the macrophages and mast cells call for recruitment to an infected area during innate immune response, where is the backup coming from?
the blood
- neutrophils and monocytes are the backup
what do complement proteins do?
bind to the surface of pathogens
- when they bind, they can either punch holes in the surface and kill them, or allow our immune cells to phagocytosis them better
what do cytokines do?
they kill microbes directly
- allow cell movement
raise or infuse fever
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Module 1 - Lecture 144
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Module 1: Lecture 254
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Module 1: Lecture 351
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Module 1: Lecture 430
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Module 1: Lecture 528
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Module 1: Lecture 622
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Module 1: Lecture 724
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Module 1: Lecture 819
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Module 1: Lecture 927
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Module 2: Lecture 151
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Module 2: Lecture 254
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Module 2: Lecture 353
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Module 2: Lecture 451
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Module 2: Lecture 546
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Module 2: Lecture 643
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Module 3: Lecture 145
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Module 3: Lecture 239
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Module 3: Lecture 347
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Module 3: Lecture 446
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Module 3: Lecture 537
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Module 3: Lecture 633
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Module 3: Lecture 759
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Module 3: Lecture 854
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Module 4: Lecture 156
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Module 4: Lecture 241
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Module 4: Lecture 327
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Module 4: Lecture 425
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Module 4: Lecture 533
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Module 4: Lecture 635
