Module 2 Planning, Construction and Environmental

Question 1

Airport Planning Reference Relationships

Answer 1

Airport Layout Plan (ALP) feeds NPIAS (National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems), ACIP (Airport Capital Improvement Plan, internal FAA document), CIP (Capital Improvement Plan, local airport operators 5-6 year plan).

The Master Plan feeds ALP.

The NPIAS feeds the ACIP.

Completed projects from the CIP feed the 5010 form.

The 5010 form feeds the AFD (Airport Facility Record, aka Chart Supplements).

Question 2

Design Aircraft Definition

Answer 2

• Largest itinerant aircraft using airport more than 500 times per year
• longest commercial service aircraft
• an aircraft that an airport desires to build a runway to accommodate

Question 3

ALP Component

Answer 3

• ALP Cover Sheet
• The ALP Sheet: existing and future planned facilities
• Data Sheet: wind rose (shows % of time wind direction and speed)
• Facilities Layout Plan/ Terminal Area Plan
• Airport Airspace Drawing: Part 77 surfaces
• Inner Portion of the Approach Surface Drawing: foucus on obstruction on the approach path
• Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan: land use and zoing
• On Airport Land Use Plan:
• Airport Property Map:

Question 3

ALP

Answer 3

Grant Assurance #29 requires ALP must be updated at all times

ALP can be a set of documents, or an individual document portraying the existing and development future plans, or a study like airport master plan.

Question 4

Functions of the ALP

Answer 4

1. FAA funding
2. Concept
3. Public Information
4. Plan for improvement
5. Working Tool

Question 5

ALP Maintenance

Answer 5

Any changes to the ALP (pen and ink change)
ALP-study (short master plan)
Should be reviewed every 2-7 years depending on the size of the airport.

Question 6

FAA ALP Approval Standards

Answer 6

The plan should be Safe, Useful and Efficient.

Question 7

Airport Master Record (5010 Form)

Answer 7

Airport operators are required to update the 5010 form at least once per year.

Question 8

NPIAS

Answer 8

More than 3,000 existing airports, including all commercial service, GA relievers, national guard based on civilian airports, airport with Mail contact, other qualified GA airports

NPIAS Function: identifies public airports’s role, amounts and types of airport development eligible for federal funding under the AIP over the next 5 years.

Not a real plan as it does not have a timetable. NPIAS feeds the ACIP.

Question 9

Work Products of an Airport Master Plan

Answer 9

• Technical Report
• Summary Report
• ALP
• Web Page
• Public Information Kit

Question 10

Aviation Demand Forecasts

Answer 10

Several data sources and models can be used.

Forecast Sources:
- FAA Terminal Area Forecasts (TAF)
- State aviation system plans
- Airlines
- Tenants (FBOs, flight schools, charter operators…)
- Forecasting seminars (Airlines 4 America, NBAA…)
- Local Data Sources
- Federal and State Data Sources (Bureau of Economic Analysis - federal, and various state sources)

Question 11

Factors affecting demand forecast

Answer 11

• Economic Characteristics : business travel
• Demographics: purchasing power
• Graphic Attributes
• Aviation Related Factors: aviation fuel fluctuations, taxes, fees, business activity
• Other Factors: landslide access, user charges

Question 12

Forecast methods

Answer 12

• Regression Analysis: ties aviation demand to enplanements, population and income levels.
• Trend Analysis and Extrapolation: historical pattern of aviation activity to project future trends
• Market Share Analysis: assumes local forecasts represent a percentage of national, regional and state forecasts.
• Smoothing: focuses on recent trends and conditions at the airport.

Question 13

Facility Requirements

Answer 13

Compare current facilities and services available to the forecasted demand for facilities and services

Question 14

Financial Feasibility Plan

Answer 14

• Presents an analysis of the financial feasibility of the proposed master plan projects
• Projects the impact on airport’s operating revenues and expenses, debt service requirements, rates and charged, cost per enplanements (CPE) and annual cash flow for the forecast period.

Question 15

Airport Configuration

Answer 15

Non-Movement Area: ramp areas, aircraft parking areas and other areas where aircraft and vehicle operate. Aircraft movement may be directed by airport or airline ramp operator.

Movement Area: Runways, taxiways and other areas as determined through an agreement between the airport operator and control tower.

Air Operations Area: Non-Movement + Movement.

Question 16

Runway Design Code (RDC)

Answer 16

RDC is determined based on:
- The approach speed of the design aircraft. Aircraft Approach Category (AAC)
- The wingspan or tail height of the Design Aircraft, whichever is greater. Aircraft Design Group (ADG)
- Visibility requirements for instrument approach runways.

Question 17

Runway Configuration

Answer 17

Runway alignments shall be in direction in which the design aircraft can use the runway with its max crosswind component at leat 95% of the year.

If 95% is not obtained, a crosswind runway is recommended.

Question 18

Federal Funded Projects (including runways, taxiways, and aprons) Requirements

Answer 18

1. Safe operations
2. Increasing capacity and efficiency
3. Reducing delays
4. Economic viability
5. Noise reduction
6. Environmental protection

not take into account: public opinion

Question 19

Independent Parallel Approach

Answer 19

Runway centerlines spaced less than 4,300 ft, final monitor controller required.

With PRM (Precision Runway Monitor) in the approach identification, runways can do simultaneous independent close parallel approaches.

Question 20

Runway types

Answer 20

• Single
• Parallel
• Open-V: takes up more space
• Interesting: takes less space, increases runway incursion

Question 21

Displaced threshold

Answer 21

A displaced threshold is required in three instances: 1. An object obstructs the airspace needed for landing aircraft 2. Noise abatement 3. Provide standard runway safety area

*A displaced threshold can be used for takeoff, or landing rollout from the opposite end of the runway, or taxiing, but a pilot cannot legally land on a displaced threshold.

Question 22

Runway safety area

Answer 22

Width of RSA can extend out to 250 feet either side of centerline, and 1000 ft off the approach and departure end of runway, depending on category of aircraft and type of approach.

Question 23

Object free zone
Runway safety area
Object free area

Answer 23

OFZ: airspace above runway elevation; extends 200 ft beyond each runway end begins at the surface and extends to 150 ft above the runway elevation, nothing except fixed by function and frangible.

RSA: ground surface areas around runways, ground must be prepared for aircraft overrun; nothing except fixed by function and frangible , Engineered Material Arresting Systems (EMAS) can help.

OFA: ground area centered on runway, taxiway or taxi lane centerline; nothing except fixed by function and frangible, or mobile.

Question 24

Stopway

Answer 24

Area beyond the departure end of the runway used to support and minimize damage to an airplane in the event of an overrun. (usually where the chevrons are painted)

Question 25

Clearway

Answer 25

Rectangular area off the departure end of a runway that is suitable for use in calculating aircraft takeoff performance.

Question 26

Airport elevation

Answer 26

Highest point on the highest runway

Question 27

Taxiway Design

Answer 27

Driven by the type of aircraft most likely to use the taxiway, i.e., the Taxiway Design Group (TDC) TDC is based on 1) aircraft width, 2) undercarriage dimensions, 3) Main Gear Width, 4) the cockpit to Main Gear Distance and 5) fillet standards.

Question 28

Taxiway design - angle, width

Answer 28

The nose gear steering angle is no more than 50 degrees, generally accepted value to prevent excessive tire scrubbing Taxiway width typically vary from 25 ft to 100ft. A taxilane is the term for a taxiway that is located in the non-movement area.

Question 29

Taxiway Edge Safety Margin (TESM)

Answer 29

As aircraft negotiate turns on taxiways designed for cockpit-over-centerline taxiing, the main gear requires additional pavement in the form of fillets to maintain the Taxiway Edge Safety Margin (TESM). Some planners use "judgemental oversteering" to save pavement costs, but this can increase the risk of aircraft excursions.

Question 30

Runway/Taxiway intersections

Answer 30

FAA encourages 90-angle to increase safety, but may reduce capacity. High speed exit: usually 45 degrees; cannot be used as runway entrance or crossing point.

Question 31

Taxiway Design Principles

Answer 31

- Simple Layout, effective signs and markings - Avoid wide expanses of pavement - Provide a bypass capability and / or multiple access points - Minimize runway crossings and provide ample turning radius - Avoid the creation of hotspots - Provide good visibility for aircraft/ pilots - Prevent ingress and egress bottlenecks

Question 32

Apron Design

Answer 32

- Apron should not have direct access to a runway to avoid runway incursions. - Gate type is dictated by the aircraft with the largest wingspan and fuselage length, and other factors. (Hot Tip)

Question 33

Three types of maneuvering processes

Answer 33

- Power-In/Power-Out (parallel parking only) - Tug-In/Push-back - Power-In/Push-Back (most common)

Question 34

4 types of heliports

Answer 34

- GA - transport - hospital - helicopter facilities on airport

Question 35

Basic elements of a heliport

Answer 35

(Remember) - Clear approach and departure paths - a clear area for ground maneuvers - a Final Approach and Takeoff Area (FATO) - A Touchdown and Lift Off Area (TLOF) - A safety area - A wind cone

Question 36

Hazards to helicopter operations

Answer 36

Turbulence (from rotor wash) and electromagnetic effects

Question 37

Airport Construction Contract Management

Answer 37

1. Predesign Conference (discuss design parameters, safety during construction, phasing, environmental considerations, possible affected tenants) 2. Prebid Conference (provide bidders opportunities to ask questions, understand requirements, level of effort, DBE, involvement, bonding, subcontracting and labor.) 3. Preconstruction Conference (discuss project scope, work scheduling, Notice to Proceed dates, operational safety, security, quality control, and Equal Employment Opportunity obligations) 4. Construction Safety and Phasing Plan (CSPP) 5. Post-Construction and Close Out ( file FAA Form 7460-2 Notice of Actual Construction or Alteration: update ALP; update FAA Master Record (5010 form) * Airport sponsor is the primary party responsible for supervision and inspection of construction work. 3.

Question 38

Supplemental Agreement in Airport Construction Contract Management

Answer 38

(Remember) A supplemental agreement covers work that is not within the general scope of the existing contract or exceeds 25% of the contractor’s cost.

Question 39

Imaginary Surfaces

Answer 39

FAR Part 77 (Remember) - Primary Surface (200 ft off the approach and departure end) - Transitional Surface ( extends from primary surface and approach slope surfaces, 7:1) - Horizontal Surface (level-plane, 150 ft above runway elevation) - Conical Surface (begins at Horizontal Surface and extends at 20:1, for a distance of 4,000 ft, height of 350 ft) - Approach Surfaces (extends from the Primary Surface at 20:1 (visual approaches), 34:1 or 40:1 (non-precision approaches), and 50:1 for the first 10,000 ft, then 40:1 for another 40,000 ft.

Question 40

Airport Height Overlay

Answer 40

(Remember) Some airports and communities have created an Airport Height Overlay (AHO) provide for the protection of residential and non-residential land uses in areas that may be subjected to frequent overflights, or when taking off or landing.

Question 41

Results of Part 77 study

Answer 41

- Determination of No Hazard to Air Navigation - Determination of Hazard to Air Navigation - Notice of Presumed Hazard (NPH)

Question 42

Terminal Design

Answer 42

(Remember) Average Day of Peak Month (ADPM) : The highest percentage of total annual activity, determined by dividing the peak month by the number of days in the month.

Question 43

Level of Service

Answer 43

Optimum, suboptimum, under-provided, and over-design

Question 44

Rentable spaces

Answer 44

Airport planners estimate that approximately 55 percent of terminal space is rentable

Question 45

Check in types

Answer 45

- Linear ticket counters - Pass-through: kiosk check-in - Island ( most common): combines linear and pass-through - Curbside (Remember) cell phone check-in is the predominant form, currently 60% passengers use cell phone to check in.

Question 46

Landside Space Planning

Answer 46

Departing passenger traffic is the lane closest to the terminal (Remember) - Curb length is determined by the type and volume of ground vehicle traffic anticipated in the peak time on the design day. Curb length for 25 ft for private, 20ft for taxis, 30ft for limos, 50ft for buses.

Question 46

Wayfinding

Answer 46

(Remember) - Location - Conspicuous - Concise - Comprehensive - Legible

Question 47

Parking

Answer 47

- Based on duration: short-term (3-4 hours or less), medium (daily), long-term (weekly) - Based on convenience: short-term, long-term, and remote (Remember): It is recommended that airport planners provide between 1,000 and 1400 parking spaces for every one million originating passengers.

Question 48

Terminal Siting and Location

Answer 48

Runway location is typically the most significant impact 1. Airline Operator: short aircraft taxiing; 2. FAA Air Traffic Controller: unobstructed visibility 3. Passengers: short walking distances 4. Airport Operator: keep costs down, express community a sense of location

Question 49

Types of Airports related to origination/destination

Answer 49

1. O & D airports 2. Transfer (> 50% transfer pax) 3. Through Airports (without plane change)

Question 50

Terminal Configuration

Answer 50

(Remember) - Simple - Standard (elongate) - Linear - Pier - Concourse - Satellite

Question 51

Passenger Experience Goal

Answer 51

Goal: without delay, reasonable cost, maximum convenience Business passengers. leisure passengers, international passengers, meeter and greeter, employees, has different preferences (Hot Tip) It is estimated that approximately 15 percent of the airport passenger population has a special or functional need.

Question 51

Passenger Experience (Touchpoints)

Answer 51

(Remember) Passenger Touchpoints 1. Physical: layout & design; ease of use 2. Subliminal: the overall "feeg" 3. Human Touch: passenger interaction with staff 4. Procedural: screening; ticketing; baggage handling 5. Communication: websites; brochures; signage

Question 52

American with Disabilities (ADA) act of 1990

Answer 52

1. New buildings: free of architectural and communication barriers 2. Existing buildings: altered to readily accessible 3. Furnish auxiliary aids

Question 53

ADA Act of 1990 (reasonable modifications)

Answer 53

The ADA requires public entities to make reasonable modifications in their usual ways of doing things when necessary to accommodate people who have disabilities.

Question 54

Corporate Hangars General Aviation Airport Terminal Design

Answer 54

Corporate hangars are large versions of box hangars with a minimum hangar door opening of 50-ft or greater. Corporate hangars should be located on the airport perimeter so the hangar doors can face the apron and the other side of the building can accommodate public parking and facility access.

Question 55

Environmental Impact Categories (14)

Answer 55

(Hot Tip) - (Hot Tip) Air quality: areas exceeding National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are designed as “containment areas” and is required to have a State Implementation Plan (SIP). - (Hot Tip) Biological Resources impact category relate to federal actions that may affect endangered species, marine mammal, fisheries and migratory birds. - Climate - Coastal Resources - (!! Hot Tip) The Department of Transportation Act of 1966, Section 4(f) protects significant publicly owned parks, recreational areas, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, and public and private historic sites. - Farmlands - Hazardous Materials, Solid Waste and Pollution Prevention - Historical, Architectural, Archeological and Cultural Resources - Land use - (Hot Tip) Natural Resources and Energy Supply - Noise and Noise-Compatible Land Use - (Hot Tip) Socioeconomic, Environmental Justice, and Children’s Environmental Health and Safety risks - Visual Effects - Water Resources - Wetlands: areas inundated or saturated by surface or ground water - Floodplains: lowland areas adjoining inland and coastal waters - Surface waters - Groundwater

Question 56

4 subsections under each environmental category

Answer 56

1. Regulatory 2. Affected Environment 3. Environmental Consequences 4. Mitigation

Question 57

NEPA

Answer 57

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

Question 58

CATEX

Answer 58

Categorically excluded projects like snow plows, fire trucks, master plans. For CATEX projects, the airport submit a “simple written record”.

Question 59

Extraordinary Circumstances

Answer 59

Extraordinary circumstances are factors or circumstances in which a normally categorically excluded action may have a significant impact (i.e., exceed a Significance Threshold) which may require further analysis in an EA or and an EIS. - EA: 1 year process - EIS (Environmental Impact Statement): 2 year process

Question 60

Output of FAA’s review on environmental impacts

Answer 60

EA -> FONSI or FONSI/ROD (do some mitigation) Notice of Intent and EIS -> ROD - Findings of No Significant Impact = FONSI - Record of Decision = ROD

Question 61

Environmental Management System

Answer 61

1. Philosophy and position 2. Communicate compliance goals 3. Indentify compliance level through an audit 4. Establish compliance program 5. Create processes and procedures to be compliant 6. Establish and implement environmental capacity

Question 62

Stormwater Management

Answer 62

Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) The SWPPP identifies and evaluates sources of pollutants that may affect storm water, and require the implementation of Best-Management Practices (BMP's). BMPs include practices such as good housekeeping, inspections, preventive maintenance program, spill prevention and response, personnel training and awareness, record-keeping and an internal reporting system.

Question 63

Hazardous Waste Management

Answer 63

(Remember) Hazardous wastes generators are classified into one of three categories based on the volume material that the facility generates per calendar month: - Very Small Quantity Generator: <= 100 kg of hazardous waste per month - Small Quantity Generator: 100-1000 kg per month - Large Quantity Generator: more than 1,000 kg per month

Question 64

Superfund (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA))

Answer 64

The Superfund and its various amendments set the standards for a Potentially Responsible Party (PRP), and when a PRP cannot be identified, the Superfund provides money to pay for the clean up of hazardous materials.

Question 65

Environmental Enforcement - Determining Responsibilities

Answer 65

(Remember) Three factors to determine the responsibility of a public or private employee: - Ability to make timely discovery of the problem - Power to direct the activities of persons who control the mechanisms causing the problem - The ability to prevent and abate the damange

Question 66

Environmental Enforcement - Methods of informal response to Violation

Answer 66

(Remember) 1. Notice of non-compliance or a warning letter 2. Formal administrative responses (legal orders) 3. Civil judical responses (formal lawsuit) 4. Criminal Judical responses

Question 67

Building Environmental Sustainability - Sustainable Development (SD)

Answer 67

(Remember) Sustainable Development (SD) is a management ethic to continously seek to define and implement philosophies, strategies, and tactics for addressing environmental concerns, in order to establish processes benefiting future societies.

Question 68

Leadership in Environmental Energy and Design (LEED)

Answer 68

(Remember) LEED is a certification process that verifies whether or not a building or other infrastructure meets stringent environmentally safe building and related performance measures.

Question 69

Sustainability Measures

Answer 69

(Hot Tip) 1. Site Goals (Brownfield instead of greenfield) 2. Water Efficiency 3. Energy and Atmosphere 4. Materials and resources 5. Indoor environmental quality goals 6. Innovation in design 7. Regional priority

Question 70

Global Biorisk Advisory Council (GBAC)

Answer 70

GBAC is a program for airports to demonstrate their cleanliness and other measures they are taking to protect passengers.