What are the stages of sinus drainage?
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
ureter
What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
most nutrients
glucose
proteins
What is reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle?
water out
What is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle?
salts out
What are the layers of the glomerular filtration membrane and what do they do?
capillary
endothelium with fenestrations)
Basement membrane: physically restricts large proteins and restricts small and medium negatively-charged proteins)
Podocytes (restricts small and medium proteins with filtration slits)
What are 4 features of the bladder?
rugae for expansion
transitional epithelium
3 layers of smooth muscle
2 sphincters (internal + external)
What are the 3 stages of the micturition reflex?
- receptors detect stretch and relay to spinal cord
- spinal cord tells internal urethral sphincter to relax
- Spinal cord tells external sphincter to relax or contract depending on whether urination is supposed to occur
How is water gained? And what is it regulated by?
ingested foods, liquid, metabolic water
regulated by hypothalamus (drop in BP/volume)
How is water lost? And what is it regulated by?
urine (water follows salt), GIT, skin
regulated by increase in salt in blood, water moves from ICF and ECF to plasma, increased blood volume = increased urine output
How is fluid pH maintained? (3)
- Buffer system (release of alkaline substance, eg. Phosphate)
- Exhalation of CO2 (results in decreased H+ ions and increase in pH)
- Excretion of H+ (urine)
What can happen if pH is too high or too low?
• pH imbalances: acidosis (below 7.35, depress CNS, coma), alkalosis (above 7.45, excite CNS, spasms, convulsions, death)
