how did piaget see children?
- little scientists
- construct their own knowledge from experience
- motivated to learn
what are the three cont. processes piaget proposed children have biological drive to make sense of the world by?
- adaptation: assimilation (relate new info to old info) and accommodation (changing old info in response to new info)
- organization: internal, reflection and making sense of experiences
- equilibrium: no discrepancies between experience and understanding disequilibrium (discrepancy between the two=better understanding)
what are the characteristics of piagets stages/patterns in thinking
- qualitatively different: thinking in each stage is different
- invariant: stages happen in same order, dont skip
- universal: all ppl go through the stages
what are the four stages of piagets dev theory
sensorimotor (0-2 y/o)
preoperational (2-7 y/o)
concrete operational (7-12)
formal operational (12+)
sensorimotor
- 0-2
- directly experiencing smth or it doesnt happen
- no object permanence
- a not b error
- reflexes, symbolic representation, intentional behaviour, explore, repetition
- active child
preoperational stage
- 2-7
- language and symbolic thought
- complicated mental operations
- egocentric
- centration (focus on one feature of an object)
concrete operational stage
- 7-12
- reason logically
- cant think abstractly
- decentration
- reversibility
formal operational stage
- 12+
- abstract thinking
formal operational stage
- 12+
- abstract thinking
problems w piagets stage theory
- not taking in account enviro and cultural influence
- able bodied tests
what is human brain’s ‘hardware’ and ‘software’?
- harware: memory and processing speed
- software:availability of useful strategies and knowledge
what overall three things do information processing theories focus on
- structure of cog systems (memory)
- mental activities (categorizing, prob solving, planning)
- how changes un thinking occur
what are the 3 main cognitive capabilities that contribute to memory development according to information-processing theories
- Changes in basic processes
- Changes in strategies, and
- Changes in content knowledge
Changes in basic processes
- associating
- recognizing/familiar
- recalling facts
- generalizing
- encoding/registering info
vygotsky’s sociocultural theory 5 ket concepts
- social interactions are important for learning
- role of culture in learning
- role of lang. in learning
- internalization of speech
-zone of proximal development
when do children switch from pirvate to inner speech
around 4-6 y/o
The support that a child receives in order to learn while in the ZPD is known as ________
scaffolding
- direct: divide into smaller tasls, add structure, physical tools, feedback, questions
- indirect: creating enviro that supports learning
what do dynamic system theories posit about development
it is non-linear
what do dynamic systems theories broadly cover
- active child
- role of others in learning
- problem solving
- early competencies
what is the stepping reflex? when does it disappear?
- newborns/babies when picked up will move legs up and down as if they are walking
- gone at approx. 2 months
t or f: chubbier babies learn to walk later than thinner babies
true
_________ consider how change unfolds in complex systems. The approach can be used to understand the connection between thinking and goal-directed actions like crawling.
dynamic system theories
Through_________, infants need to learn each new motor skill and how to use them in different environments.
experience
