Common Disorder of the Upper
Gastrointestinal Tract and their Medical Nutrition Therapy
- Dysphagia
- Esophagitis
- GERD
- Hiatus hernia
- Dyspepsia
- Indigestion
- Bezoar formation
- Gastritis
- Gastroenteritis
- Gastric/ peptic ulcers
- Gastroparesis
- Gastric surgery
Functions of the Upper Digestive System
Digestion and Absorption
is the physical and chemical
breakdown of foods and beverages we eat
in preparation for their absorption.
Digestion
involves disaccharidases enzymes (maltase, lactase, and sucrase), peptidases, and cholecystokinin for bile salts.
intestinal phase
abnormal emptying of the stomach or pancreatic insufficiency is known as
maldigestion.
Absorption of digestion takes place in the small intestines, primarily the
duodenum
can result from dysfunction in any of the absorptive processes.
Malabsorption
is responsible for reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium, vitamin K, and small amounts of calcium and
magnesium, bacterial fermentation of indigestible material
Large intestine colon
is a straight, 8-inch
chamber that connects the colon to the anus.
Rectum
refers to the community of microorganisms themselves,
Microbiota
Lower diversity is considered a marker of
dysbiosis (microbial imbalance)
also known as gut flora or gut microbiota, are the microorganisms that live in the digestive
tracts of humans.
Intestinal microbiota
Stages of Swallowing
Oral Phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase
This process is the only voluntary part of swallowing, and it is under neural control of
several areas of the cerebral cortex, including the motor cortex.
Oral Phase
it starts with the stimulation of tactile receptors in the oropharynx, the swallow reflex is initiated.
Pharyngeal phase
the food bolus moves down the esophagus by peristalsis, a wave-like muscular contraction that pushes the bolus
down to the stomach.
Esophageal phase
Causes of dysphagia
Mechanical
Neurological
Psychological
Warning signs of dysphagia
Coughing/spluttering/choking during or after drinking
Coughing/spluttering/choking during or after eating
Dehydration
Difficulty chewing/manipulating food and drink in the mouth
Difficulty controlling food and drink in the
mouth
is the medical term for difficulty swallowing which means it takes more time and effort to move food or liquid from your mouth to your stomach.
Dysphagia
is the inflammation of the tissues of the esophagus, the muscular tube that delivers food from your mouth to your stomach.
Esophagitis
Esophagitis Signs and symptoms
● Difficult swallowing
● Painful swallowing
● Chest pain, particularly behind the breastbone, that occurs with eating
● Swallowed food becoming stuck in the
esophagus (food impaction)
● Heartburn
● Acid regurgitation
is a symptoms or complications resulting from the reflux of the gastric contents of the stomach into the esophagus or beyond, even into the oral cavity, larynx or lungs.
Gastroesophageal reflux
Clinical symptoms associated with GERD
Dental erosion
Dysphagia
Odynophagia
GA
Non-cardiac chest pain
Extraesophageal symptoms
Hiatus Hernia
slow, progressive tooth surface loss associated with acid regurgitation
Dental erosion
