what is Epidemiology
The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related
events, states or processes in specified populations
what is Absolute poverty
Income level below which a minimum nutritionally adequate diet plus essential non-food requirements is not affordable. The amount of income a person, family, or group needs to purchase an absolute amount of the basic necessities of life”
what is Relative poverty
The amount of income a person, family, or group needs to purchase a relative amount of basic necessities of life; these basic necessities are identified relative to each society and economy”
What is NZDep?
(New Zealand Index of Deprivation) is a national measure of socioeconomic deprivation at the small-area level in Aotearoa New Zealand, t uses census data to create a deprivation score for geographical areas, ranging from Decile 1 (least deprived) to Decile 10 (most deprived).
Social determinants of health
The social determinants of health are the conditions in
which people are born, grow, live, work and age, and the wider set of
forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
What determines health
What’s the global burden of disease
is the world’s most comprehensive, ongoing epidemiological study of health, led by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
2019 global burden of disease found deaths by what percent in communicable , non communicable and injury
around 8% injury, around 70% non communicable and 20 percent communicable
High vs low income, is there more communicable or non communicable
What is Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the total number of years lost to ill-health, in a population. It combines two components: Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature death and Years Lost to Disability (YLD) from living with illness or injury. DALYs are calculated by adding these two components: DALY = YLL + YLD
What is happening to daly rate and total daly
Daly rate (eg “per 100,000”) is dropping, however total daly is increasing due to increasing population
what is Demographic Transition
Changes in population death and birth rates over time
➢ Growth and change in populations over time
what is Epidemiological Transition
Changes in population disease patterns over time
➢ Communicable disease
➢ Non-communicable diseases
what is morbidity
the condition of suffering from a disease or medical condition.the rate of disease in a population.
What is the idea of Compression of morbidity
the idea that improvements in public health and lifestyles can delay the onset of chronic illnesses and disabilities, leading to a shorter period of ill health at the end of life, even as life expectancy increases.
what does Compression of morbidity do to the rates of diseases
Will create an increase in milder chronic disease but a decrease in the period of time a person experiences severe disability
two types of measures of occurrence
Prevalence, incedence
what’s prevalence
The proportion of a population who have the disease at a point in time
what’s Incidence
The occurrence of new cases of an outcome in a population during a specific period of follow-up
Two types of incidence?
Incidence rate and incidence proportion, only difference is the denominator
Incidence proportion vs incidence rate Incidence calculation
Proportion = (Number of new cases) / (Population at risk at the start)
Incidence Rate = (Number of new cases during a specified period) / (Total person-time at risk during the same period)
Explain differences of incidence rate and proportion
Incidence rate= The rate at which new cases of the outcome of interest occur in a population, How quickly are new cases of the condition developing in the
population?
Incidence proportion= The proportion of an outcome-free population that develops the outcome of interest in a specified time period
what is Age standardisation
a statistical method for fairly comparing health data between populations with different age structures, such as different countries or different ethnic groups, by adjusting their rates to a common, standard age distribution. Breaking into age brackets
