What 2 types of immunization is there?
induced - vaccination
augmented - boostershot
What is immunity?
Resistance to specific disease
What is antigen?
Also called immunogen
Substance that induces immune response (bacteria, viruses)
What is an antibody?
“Products” of immune response (globulin)
What is immunoglobulin?
an antibody, immune glovin, Ig
What is IgM?
1st antibody produced, indicates current or recent infection (star)
What is IgG
2nd antibody produced, indicates past infection (Y shape)
What happens when an antigen infects?
Cellular immune system (T cells) or humoral immune system (B cells) are activated and combine to defend the body against cancer, foreign cells, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses
What do humoral immune cells produce?
Specific antibodies IgM then IgG and memory cells
What do cellular immune cells produce?
lymphokines (80 diff products) and memory cells
What are plasma cells?
produce antibodies
What are memory cells?
dont currently produce antibodies but can be activated in the future
Describe the production of antibodies
- antigenic stimulation of B cells (lymphocytes)
- clone of plasma cells and memory cells - Immune response after primary immunization
- no detectable antibodies for a week
- Small burst of IgM 1st
- small busrt of IgG 2nd - Immune response 2nd, 3rd, booster shorts
- immediate response due to memory cells
- small burst IgM, large burst IgG provide protective levels
What is a clinical case?
have symptoms
What is sub clinical
No symptoms
What is titer?
How much antibody is present.
Not enough antibodies = low titer
What factors affect response to immunization?
- individual differences - inheritence, disease affecting immune system, general health
- Site of injection - type of tissue, too much fat may absorb antigen so it does not reach b cells
- Immunization product - manufacturers strive to improve them and give better response
- Product failure - bad batch, improper storage
What products are used for immunization?
- Vaccine - Suspension of non pathogenic virus/bacteria to stimulate antibody reaction (measles, mumps, polio)
- Toxoid - Prepared by extracting bacterial exotoxin from a culture and treating it so it is not toxic but still antigenic (tetanus uses toxoid)
What is innate immunity?
Immune because we are human, diseases specific to birds, plants etc we are immune to them
What is Acquired immunity?
Any type not innate and obtained during life
What is natural acquired immunity?
Natural process from getting a disease, maternal transfer
What is artificially acquired immunity?
Antigen given purposefully to induce immunity (injection)
What is active immunity?
Individual is given/exposed to an antigen, own antibodies are produced (immunizations).
What is passive immunity?
Person acquires preformed antibodies for treatment or short term prevention (immune globulins).
