Module 3: Abnormal Flashcards by Melanie Turner

Schizophrenia diagnostic criteria:

Two (or more) of the following symptoms present for a significant portion of time during a one month period:

(A) Delusions 
(B) Hallucinations
(C) Disorganised speech 
     and behaviour
(D) Negative symptoms

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What is the primary symptom of schizophrenia?

Delusions: a false belief which is….

> held onto despite 
   contradictory evidence
> maybe bizarre
> foreign to most 
   members of a culture

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Major subtypes of delusions:

(A) Paranoid
     belief that someone is 
     out to harm you.
(B) Grandiose
      Belief that you are 
      god
(C) Somatic
      body dysmorphia i.e. 
      extra limbs 
(D) Erotomaniac
      typically females who 
      have a false belief that 
      they're dating and in 
      love with someone 
      even-though they  
      have not actually met.

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(4) Specific examples of
common schizophrenic
delusions:

(A) Capgras:
      the belief that close 
      family members have 
      been kidnapped and 
      are replaced by 
      identical imposters.

(B) Cotards Syndrom:
      The belief that one is 
      dead or at least a 
      shell of a man.
   > held onto despite 
      showing that you can 
      in fact bleed. "I guess 
      dead people do 
      bleed" .
(C) Fregoli's Delusion:
      The belief that you 
      persecutor can take 
      on many appearances.
(D) Lycanthropy:
     belief that you are a 
     werewolf.

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(4) types of schizophrenic hallucinations:

(A) Auditory
     *most common
(B) Visual
     *less common
(C) Tactile (touch)
(D) Olfactory (smell)

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Disorganised speech examples:

Inability to understand them because of frequent derailment, incoherency and neologism (making up new words).

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Disorganised or catatonic behaviour examples:

> purposeless behaviour
holding bizarre postures
for long periods of time

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Negative symptoms examples:

(A) Affective flattening, 
     monotonic voice and 
     flat emotion.
(B) Avolition, lack of 
     motivation to do 
     anything.

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Category 1: Paranoid schizophrenia

*the most common form of schizophrenia

(A) If they have a 
     preoccupation with 1 or 
     more delusion or 
     auditory hallucinations 
     of a persecutory 
     nature.
(B) If they do NOT have, 
     disorganised speech 
     and behaviour/catatonia.

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Category 2: Catatonic schizophrenia

Has two of the following:

(A) Motoric  immobility-
> waxy flexibility (stays in 
   the position you place 
   them in)
> bizarre postures
> stereotyped movements
> prominent mannerisms 
   or grimacing

(B) Excessive motor 
     activity that is 
     apparently 
     purposeless and not 
     influenced by external 
     stimuli.

(D) Echolalia (repeats 
      phrases they hear) 
      and echopraxia 
      (repeats movements 
      they see).

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Category 3: Disorganised schizophrenia

All of the following are present:

(A) Disorganised speech
(B) Disorganised 
      behaviour
(C) Flat or inappropriate 
     affect

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Prevalence of schizophrenia

approximately 1% of the population.

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Course of schizophrenia

typically, moderate to severe lifetime impairment.

High rates of death in schizophrenia, lifestyle choices, not complying with treatment, misdiagnosis and suicide.

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Schizophrenia is more common in men or women?

But…

1 : 1 male to female

but, women have an earlier age of onset and better course outcomes than men.

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Characteristics that may indicate a child will later develop schizophrenia:

(A) Mild physical 
     abnormalities
(B) Poor motor 
     coordination (clumsy)
(C) Mild cognitive 
     problems (learning and 
     attention) 
(D) Social problems 
     (isolation)

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Diagnosis and treatment for schizophrenia typically occurs….

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1-2 years after symptom onset.

Most (78%) schizophrenic patients experience…

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multiple episodes and thus, is often referred to as the revolving door syndrome (treatment, release, relapse etc.)

schizophrenia has ___ prognosis

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poor

schizophrenia has a ___ suicide rate and comorbidities of…

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high, depression and alcoholism.

What are the Genetic Influences of schizophrenia?

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(A) You inherent a 
      vulnerability from your 
      parents.
(B) Polygenetic i.e. there 
      are many genes which  
      interact to cause 
      schizophrenia
(C) Risk increases with 
      genetic relatedness, 
      i.e. identical twins 
      (monozygotic) have a 
      50% risk
(D) Adoption studies:
       biological 
       schizophrenic but 
       raised apart increases 
       risk a lot but raised by 
       schizophrenic without 
       relation is no big 
       increase.

What are the brain structure causes for schizophrenia?

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(A) Enlarged ventricles
(B) Reduced tissue 
      volume
(C) Hypofrontality- 
     impairment in the 
     dorsallateral prefrontal 
     cortex

What are the prenatal and perinatal influences

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(A) Viral infections:
      > influenza
      > pregnancy 
         complications 
         (bleeding) 
      > Rh incompatibility 
         (mother/child blood 
         type do not match)
(B) Delivery complications
      > Anoxia (lack of 
         oxygen to the brain) 
(C) Likely to interact with 
      genetics and the 
      environment

Psychological and social influences:

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(A) Stress
> activates vulnerability
> increases relapse risk

Diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder:

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Five (or more) of the following:

(A) Depressed mood most 
     of the time
(B) Markedly diminished 
     interest or pleasure in 
     activities
(C) Significant weight loss 
     or gain
(D) Diminished ability to 
      concentrate
(E) Recurring thoughts of 
     death and suicide
(F) Insomnia or 
     hyposomnia
(G) Psychomotor agitation 
      or retardation

Genetic vulnerabilities of major depressive disorder

(A) first degree relatives are 2-3x more likely to have depression. (B) identical > fraternal

(4) causes of depression:

``` (A) Genetics (B) Neurotransmitters (serotonin) (C) Life Stressors (D) Negative World View (black and white thinking) ```

Psychological Dimensions: Stressful life events-

``` (A) strong empirical support for the association between a major life stressor and depression. ``` ``` *why do some people who experience a major life stressor get depressed when others do? ``` There is a complex interaction between multiple risk factors: (A) type of stressor (B) genetic background

Common symptoms of anxiety:

``` (A) Tension, apprehension or panic (B) Cognitive- constantly thinking about the cause of your symptoms (C) Somatic- sweating, hyperventilating, high blood pressure. (D) Motor- fidgeting, pacing. ```

Types of anxiety disorders:

``` (A) Phobia (B) Panic Disorder (C) Agoraphobia (D) Generalised Anxiety Disorder (E) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (F) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ```

Phobia are...

``` > an intense, persistent and irrational fear of a particular situation or object. > fear leads to avoidance that interferes with normal activites. > Most common are, insects, heights and enclosed spaces. > fear directed to a specific set of stimuli. > contact with stimuli causes intense fear and anxiety which is severe enough to interfere with normal functioning. ```

(4) General Phobia | Categories

``` (A) Animals: insects, dogs, snakes etc. (B) Natural Environment: heights, enclosed spaces, the dark. (C) Blood-Injection-Injury: blood, needles, dentists etc. (D) Situational: driving, elevators. ```

(6) Specific examples of | phobia's

``` (A) Scotophobia- darkness (B) Ophidiophobia- snakes (C) Arachnaphobia- spiders (D) Arachibutyrophobia- peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth. (E) Peladophobia- bald people (F) Phobophobia- phobia's ```

Diagnostic criteria for Panic Disorder, symptoms and prevalence:

Recurrent and unpredictable attacks of intense physical terror plus continual worry about having the next attack. ``` Panic Attack Symptoms: (A) Pounding heart (B) Sweating, trembling, breathlessness. (C) Choking feelings, nausea, chest pain. (D) Dizzy, feelings out of control ``` *out of the blue without a trigger! Prevalence: > 4% of adults, 2-3x as many women than men have a panic disorder.

Agraphobia diagnostic criteria:

*linked to panic attacks ``` (A) Fear of going out alone (B) Fear of panic attacks if you leave your house (C) Person may avoid particular situations i.e. crowded places. ```

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder diagnostic criteria:

``` (A) Anxiety and feelings of helplessness after a traumatic experience (B) Difficulty concentrating, irritability, memory problems, sleeping problems, flashbacks, physical symptoms and impaired functioning. (C) May occur quite a while after the trauma ```

Generalised Anxiety Disorder diagnostic criteria:

``` (A) Excessive worry (B) Uncontrollable (C) Somatic Symptoms (chest pains) (D) Worry what "might" happen (E) Chronic course ```

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Diagnostic criteria, two types and treatment:

``` (A) Repetitive Intrusive thoughts or concerns (obsessions) (B) Repetitive behaviour rituals (compulsions) (C) Feel driven to engage in the ritual in order to remove intense anxiety ``` ``` Two types: (A) Washers- concerned that the world is a dirty place and typically always wash their hands. (B) Checkers- did I turn the stove off, lock the door? mainly appliance rituals and compulsions. ``` Treatment: CBT, drugs and in extreme cases psychosurgery.

Module 3: Abnormal Flashcards

(37 cards)