1
Q
Cardiac embryology What do the following parts contribute to: 1. Sinus venosus 2. Atrium 3. Ventricle 4. Bulbus cordis 5. Truncus arteriosus
A
- Smooth wall of right atrium
- Rough wall of right and left atrium
- Rough part of left ventricle
- Outflow tracts of both ventricles and rough part of right ventricle
- Roots of aorta and pulmonary trunk
2
Q
Cardiac embryology
- Between what days does the folding of the heart tube occur?
- What are the 5 stages of atrial septation?
- What 3 things form the ventricular septum?
- What 4 things make up the tetralogy of fallot?
A
- 22-24 days
- Septum primum, ostium primum, ostium secundum, septum secundum and foramen ovale
- Muscle, membrane and endocardial cushion
- Pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, over-riding aorta and VSD
3
Q
Cardiac embryology What do the following aortic arches form: 1. 3rd arch 2. 4th arch 3. 6th arch
A
- Common and internal carotid arteries
- Right: part of subclavian artery
Left: part of the aortic arch - Pulmonary arteries
Left: ductus arteriosus
4
Q
- What two things are the cusps in the atrioventricular valves attached to?
A
- Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
5
Q
- What 3 things allow for circulation in utero to occur?
- What causes these 3 things to constrict/close?
- What 4 things opens the ductus arteriosus?
- What 2 things close the ductus arteriousus?
A
- Ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
- Aeration of lungs
- Hypoxia, pressure, prematurity and prostaglandin
- Bradykinin and indometacin
6
Q
What are the 4 domains when looking at developmental delay?
A
- Gross motor
- Fine motor and vision
- Speech, language and hearing
- Social, emotional and behavioural
7
Q
- Is the resting membrane potential of cells electropositive or electronegative?
- The permeability of which 2 ions causes depolarisation?
- The permeability of which ion causes repolarisation?
A
- Electronegative
- Na+ and Ca2+
- K+
8
Q
Cardiac embryology
- What week does the cardiogenic mesoderm form?
- What does the longitudinal embryonic disc folding do to the developing heart tube?
- What are the 5 parts of the primitive heart tube (in order)?
A
- Mid week 3
- Turns it 180 degrees
- Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus
9
Q
What processes do the following waves on an ECG represent:
- P wave
- Q wave
- R and S waves
- T wave
A
- Atrial depolarisation
- Septal depolarisation
- Ventricular depolarisation
- Ventricular repolarisation
10
Q
- What are the 3 main phases of the cardiac cycle?
- What is the 1st phase broken into? (1 thing)
- What is the second phase broken into? (3 things)
- What is the third phase broken into? (3 things)
A
- Diastole, systole and diastole (ventricular)
- Atrial systole
- Isovolumetric contraction, rapid ejection and reduced ejection
- Isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling and diastasis
11
Q
- What causes the first heart sound?
2. What causes the second heart sound?
A
- Closing of AV valves
2. Closing of semi-lunar valves
12
Q
- Name one efferent blood vessel…
- Name one afferent blood vessel…
- What is stroke volume?
- What is cardiac output?
- What is mean arterial blood pressure?
A
- Artery
- Vein
- The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one beat
- The volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute
- The average pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the major arteries
13
Q
- What is the equation for mean arterial blood pressure?
A
- MABP = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
14
Q
- What is the “ABC” of operant conditioning?
2. What are the 6 main steps in the stages of change cycle?
A
- Antecedent stimulus, behaviours and consequence
1. Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse
15
Q
- What is in the core of a lipoprotein? Give 2 examples
- What is on the surface of a lipoprotein?
- To lower cholesterol levels, what do you reduce the intake of? (4 things)
- To lower cholesterol levels, what do you increase the intake of? (2 things)
A
- Hydrophobic lipids: triglycerides and cholesterol
- Hydrophilic lipids
- Saturated fats, trans fatty acids, cholesterol and sugars (if sugar sensitive)
- Soluble fibres and fish
16
Q
What do the following lipoproteins carry and what is their journey?
- Chylomicron
- VLDL
- HDL
- LDL
A
- TG: from gut to tissues
- TG and cholesterol: from liver to tissues
- Cholesterol: from tissue to liver
- Cholesterol: remaining in circulation
17
Q
- What is dyslipidemia?
A
- A disorder of lipoprotein metabolism
18
Q
- What are the 4 main drugs for hypertension?
A
- ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers and alpha blockers
19
Q
- What do ACE inhibitors end in?
- What do angiotensin receptor antagonists end in?
- What do most calcium channel blockers end in? What is this group called?
A
- “Pril”
- “Sartan”
- “Dipine”: dihydropyridines
20
Q
- Name 3 major types of diuretics…
- What do diuretics decrease?
- Where exactly do they decrease it?
A
- Thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics and potassium-sparing diuretics
- Decrease sodium and water reabsorption
- In the nephron of the kidney
21
Q
- What is the equation for blood pressure?
- What is an aneurysm?
- What is atheroma?
- What are the 4 recognisable stages of atheroma?
A
- Blood pressure = CO x TPR
- Abnormal permanent focal dilatation of an artery
- Intima disease of large and medium arteries
- Fatty streak, lipid plaque, fibrolipid plaque and complicated atheroma
22
Q
Define the following:
- Sinus bradycardia
- Sinus tachycardia
- Sinus arrhythmia
- Atrial fibrillation
A
- Normal sinus rhythm slowed down
- Normal sinus rhythm sped up
- Regularly irregular sinus rhythm
- Irregularly irregular rhythm
23
Q
Define the following:
- 1st degree heart block
- 2nd degree heart block: type 1
- 2nd degree heart block: type 2
- 3rd degree heart block
A
- P-R interval longer than 0.2 secs
- P-R interval progressively longer until one P wave is blocked
- P-R interval constant but some P waves not conducted to the ventricles
- P-R interval random and all impulses from atria are blocked by AV node
24
Q
Define the following:
1. Ectopics
A
- Premature contractions
25
1. What is an embolus?
2. What is a thrombus?
3. Clot formation involves the interaction of which 4 things?
1. An object from another part of the body that obstructs blood flow
2. A blood clot
3. Vessels, platelets, clotting factors and fibrinolytic system
26
How do the following affect the vessels role in haemostasis:
1. Vitamin C deficiency
2. Nitric oxide, nitrates
3. Excess corticosteroid
4. Genetic defects
1. Less collagen produced = less clotting
2. Increased vasodilation
3. Reduced production of collagen
4. Defects in collagen production
27
1. Name one thing that can trigger the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade...
2. Name one thing that can trigger the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade...
3. Name 3 anti-coagulants...
4. Name 4 anti-platelets...
1. Collagen
2. Tissue factor 3
3. Unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin and warfarin
4. Aspirin, dipyridamole, P2Y(ADP) receptor antagonists and GP2b/3a inhibitors
28
1. Name 4 lipid lowering agents...
1. Statins, fibrates, resins and ezetimibe
29
1. What is oedema?
2. What are 4 causes of oedema?
3. What kind of oedema does left hand side heart failure cause?
4. What kind of oedema does right hand side heart failure cause?
5. What does Starlings forces govern?
1. When net fluid movement exceeds lymphatic drainage
2. Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic blockage and increased capillary permeability
3. Pulmonary oedema
4. Peripheral oedema (pitting oedema)
5. Fluid movement between plasma and interstitial compartment
30
What 5 drugs can you use to treat heart failure?
ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, aldosterone receptor antagonists, nitrates and digoxin
