Module 3: motor control

Question 1

what is motor control

Answer 1

• posture and movements and the mechanisms that underlie
• control of movement in human and animal
• execute movement and monitor movements
• acquisition, performance and retention

Question 2

difference between control, coordination and skill

the function of constraining the components of motor system into behavioural unit

Answer 2

coordination

Question 3

difference between control, coordination and skill

function of determining the acceptable parameters for coordinative structures

Answer 3

control

Question 4

difference between control, coordination and skill

the optimisation of coordinative structure behaviours

Answer 4

skill

Question 5

feedback control / feedforward control

use of information received via sensory receptors to guide movement

Answer 5

feedback control

Question 6

feedback control / feedforward control

movements based on predictions

Answer 6

feedforward

Question 7

what influences control

Answer 7

movement available present in perceptual motor landscape

reducing the context- conditioned variability we find more stable patterns of organisation

Question 8

how does skill emerge

Answer 8

predetermined results with maximum certainty and the minimum outlay of energy or time or of time and energy

Question 9

what are the 4 main characteristics of movement

Answer 9

• flexibility
• consistency
• modifiable
• uniqueness

Question 10

what is end state comfort

Answer 10

avoid discomfort
- with min time and energy and max certainty

Question 11

what is the cardiovascular drift about

Answer 11

• increase in HR at the same intensity of exercise

Question 12

what are the 3 things of CV adaptation w/ response to exercise that drive the increase in SV

Answer 12

• LV hypertrophy
• augemented SNS activity increase
• increase in plasma volume

Question 13

why does hypertrophy occur

Answer 13

increase in SV
increase in CO
increase in contractility

Question 14

what is the same and different in good vs bad hypertrophy

Answer 14

thickening same
- the way dilation and contraction is different

Question 15

perceptual motor landscape

Answer 15

a manifold of all the possible movement possibilities available to an individual

Question 16

self organisation

Answer 16

natural tendency for human perceptual motor system to settle into attractors

Question 17

attractors

Answer 17

stable and functional patterns of organisation exhibited by the human perceptual motor system

Question 18

order parameters

Answer 18

collective behaviour of the system many components

Question 19

control parameters

Answer 19

a parameter of internal or external origin that when manipulated controls the system in a nonspecific fashion

Question 20

stability/instability

Answer 20

qualitative state describing the tendency of a system to remain in a particular pattern of organisation or not

Question 21

hysteresis

Answer 21

the tendency to remain in the current basin of attraction as the control parameter is increased or decreased

Question 22

what are two challenges for motor control researchers, coaches, teachers and practioners

Answer 22

1. develop and disseminate new knowledge
2. interpret new knowledge with respect to evaluting, understanding and imprving motor behaviour

Question 23

what are the three broad categories of experimental methods

Answer 23

• mechanical
• electrical
• metabolic

Question 24

the degree to which the test actually measures what it purports to measure
- describes what

Answer 24

validity

Question 25

which behaviour would you measure to watch how time initaite movement

Answer 25

- reaction time - foot movemnt - muscle activity

Question 26

which data would you collect to watch how time initaite movement

Answer 26

force time speed

Question 27

which behaviour would you measure to watch how visual guidance of movement

Answer 27

eye movement VAR - with goal keeping

Question 28

what are the 8 senses

Answer 28

sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell, movement, balance, interception

Question 29

what does nociceptor do

Answer 29

pain/ injury

Question 30

all receptors _______ energy into electrochemical signals

Answer 30

tranduce

Question 31

what are the 4 steps of process of sensation

Answer 31

1. reception 2. transduction 3. transmission 4. integration

Question 32

what is transduction about

Answer 32

- convert energy into membrane potention change in permanility post-synaptic emebrane

Question 33

in transmission stage receptors transmit AP to ____

Answer 33

CNS

Question 34

sensation is coded as ________ of neurons firing

Answer 34

frequecy

Question 35

why cant we tickle ourselves

Answer 35

brain anticipates touch and turns down sensitvity threshold

Question 36

what are three main types of receptors

Answer 36

interoceptors Proprioceptors exteroceptors

Question 37

what is interoceptors

Answer 37

state of out internal organs

Question 38

exteroceptors

Answer 38

info about the movement of objets in the environment (e for environment or external)

Question 39

what direction are muscle spindles in proprioception to muscle fibres

Answer 39

parallel

Question 40

when do muscle spindles fire

Answer 40

when muscle is stretched

Question 41

what do Golgi tendon organs give feedback to

Answer 41

tendon stretch - estimate weight of objects

Question 42

what are cutaneous receptors

Answer 42

receptors in skin

Question 43

what does the vestibular system do

Answer 43

signal balance - info about position and movement of head

Question 44

which systems are involved in the these motor planning steps 1. deciding to act 2. response selection 3. scaling/ fine tuning 4/5. excution/ feedback

Answer 44

. deciding to act = limbic response selection = association cortex scaling/ fine tuning = projection system execution/ feedback = spinal system

Question 45

what does deciding to act depend on

Answer 45

goals, abilities, tendencies

Question 46

what is the role of the limbric system = deciding to act

Answer 46

motivation, emotion, learning and memory

Question 47

what is scaling/fine tuning the motor program about what do the parameters depend on

Answer 47

selecting appropriate parameters - environment, body, task goal

Question 48

what three areas of the brain make up the projection system

Answer 48

- cerebral cortex - basal ganglia - cerebellum

Question 49

carry info from CNS to neuromuscular system is this efferent of afferent

Answer 49

efferent

Question 50

carry info from periphery to CNS - is this efferent or afferent

Answer 50

afferent

Question 51

what is the cerebellum - why is it important for motor control

Answer 51

role = timing and motor learning more then half the neurons in the brain are here

Question 52

if damage to cerebellum what does this lead to

Answer 52

hypotonia and ataxia = damage to muscle tone and coordination

Question 53

what is the role of the basal ganglia

Answer 53

movement preparation and scaling of movement parameters

Question 54

if damage to the basal ganglia what dieseases will this cause

Answer 54

huntingtons disease parkinsons

Question 55

what center is the motor cortex described as rather than planning center

Answer 55

trigger center

Question 56

where are APA coordinated

Answer 56

in premotor cortex

Question 57

what muscles do premotor cortex control

Answer 57

trunk and shoulders

Question 58

what does premotor cortex control

Answer 58

posture also integrating visual and tactile input

Question 59

what is SMA (supplementary motor area ) used for

Answer 59

complex movements

Question 60

what is the parietal cortex for

Answer 60

association area = between sight and sound, movement and sensory consequence e.g. when turn head right and the world goes left but because of the parietal cortex we understand that our head is the only thing moving

Question 61

what did the force control prepration example of the box show us

Answer 61

hierarchal theory = adapt to schema and percieve, decide to act synamical system theory = select approptiat control parameter, display stability

Question 62

what effect Simple reaction time

Answer 62

sex and age

Question 63

who is faster at reaction time

Answer 63

females

Question 64

does premotor time increase or decrease in simple reaction time

Answer 64

nothing chnages

Question 65

does movement time increae or decrease in choice reaction time test

Answer 65

decrease (during exercise)

Question 66

does reaction time increase or decrease in discrimination reaction time test

Answer 66

decrease

Question 67

what is released to allow muscles to contract

Answer 67

aceyticholine

Question 68

1 motor neurons innervate how many muscle fibres

Answer 68

many

Question 69

what are cutaneous receptors

Answer 69

receptors in skin

Question 70

what do muscle spindles give feedback about

Answer 70

length of muscle = muscle stretch

Question 71

what does golgi tendon organs give feedback of what

Answer 71

tendon stretch

Question 72

short reflex loops have what spinal at what level - what is some example

Answer 72

same level - stretch reflex, golgi tendon, gamma reflex

Question 73

what level is long reflex loops at exmaples

Answer 73

across spinal levels - more complex movement e.g felxion reflex, posture control

Question 74

what are the two types of photo receptors and what times of the day are they each good at

Answer 74

rods = night cones = day, dectect colour

Question 75

_________ vision is important for depth perception

Answer 75

binocular

Question 76

what is the perception pathway and what stream

Answer 76

connects primary visual cortext with inferior temporal lobes - ventral

Question 77

what is the action pathway anf which stream

Answer 77

connects the primary visual cortex with posterior parietal lobes

Question 78

what are the two big headaches for hierachical theories of motor control

Answer 78

- accounting for biological bodies - how detailed/ specific motor programs need to be

Question 79

what is active inference

Answer 79

improve sensitivity of movement through movement