Pain & Anxiety Control > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

brain + spinal cord

A

CNS

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2
Q

12 pairs cranial nerves + 31 pairs spinal nerves

A

PNS

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3
Q

afferent is associated with what type of function

A

sensory

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4
Q

efferent is associated with what type of function

A

motor

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5
Q

somatic nerve system controls what type of function

A

voluntary

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6
Q

autonomic nerve system controls what type of function

A

involuntary

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7
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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8
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system control

A

fight or flight

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9
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system control

A

rest and digest

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10
Q

what are the 3 functions of neurons

A
  • receive information
  • process information
  • send response
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11
Q

what are the structural components of a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • 1 axon
  • 1 + dendrites
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12
Q

what does the axon of a neuron do

A

carries impulses away FROM the cell body

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13
Q

what do the dendrites of a neuron do

A

carries impulses TO the cell body

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14
Q

what is the terminal end of the axon that allows an impulse to travel to another axon via neurotransmitters

A

synaptic knob

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15
Q

what are the components of a nerve

A
  • many axons
  • an artery
  • a vein
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16
Q

what is the connective tissue around an axon

A

endoneurium

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17
Q

what is a group of axons

A

fascicle

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18
Q

what is the connective tissue around one fascicle

A

perineurium

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19
Q

what is the connective tissue around a group of fascicles

A

epineurium

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20
Q

what are the structural components of a nerve

A
  • endoneurium
  • fascicle
  • perineurium
  • epineurium
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21
Q

what can increase the speed of conduction of a nerve

A

myelination & the nodes of Ranvier

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22
Q

what are the largest fiber types

A

Type A

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23
Q

what fiber type has the fastest impulse conduction

A

type A

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24
Q

what subtype of fiber is the largest, fastest efferent nerve involved in muscle movement

A

type A - alpha

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25
what subtype of fiber is afferent and involved in proprioception, touch, and pressure
type A - beta
26
what subtype of fiber is efferent and involved in muscle tone
type A - gamma
27
what subtype of fiber is afferent and involved in pain and temperature
type A - delta
28
Are type A fibers afferent or efferent
either afferent or efferent
29
are type B fibers afferent or efferent
efferent
30
what fiber type is slightly myelinated
type B
31
what fiber type is involved in preganglionic ANS and vascular smooth muscle control
type B
32
what fiber type is myelinated
type A
33
what fiber type is unmyelinated
type C
34
which fiber type is smallest and most numerous
type C
35
are type C fibers efferent or afferent
efferent and afferent
36
which fiber type is responsible for dull, achy pain
type C
37
what is fiber type C involved in
postganglionic ANS, temperature, and pain
38
In the oral cavity there is an increase in which types of fibers
type A and C
39
___ fibers require MORE anesthetic volume
type A
40
neurons maintain a ___
concentration gradient
41
what maintains the voltage gradient of the resting membrane
sodium-potassium pump
42
action potentials are generated by ____ voltage change
all or none
43
nerve impulses are triggered by a ___
stimulus ( chemical, thermal, mechanical, or electrical)
44
nerve impulses travel from 1 neuron to another by crossing a ___
synapse
45
nerve impulses pass through a neuron in ___
7 milliseconds
46
when the neuron is resting the membrane is __
polarized
47
when the neuron is resting, the inside of the cell is ___ charged
negatively
48
when the neuron is resting, the outside of the cell is __ charged
positively
49
there is increased ___ ions outside of the cell
Na +
50
what is the resting membrane potential
70 mV
51
how do neurons maintain RMP polarization
- sodium-potassium pump - closed K + channels - closed Na + channels
52
when is action potential generated
when neuron membrane is DEPOLARIZED increasing the positively charged ions INSIDE the cell
53
T/F the greater the intensity of the stimulus DOES produce a stronger impulse
FALSE - does NOT
54
T/F the greater the intensity of the stimulus can produce MORE impulses per second
true
55
what does the threshold stimulus trigger
K+ & Na+ ion channels to OPEN
56
an impulse crosses both ___ and ___ synapses
electrical & chemical
57
what are the gap junctions between neurons
electrical synapses
58
what are synaptic clefts at the end of each axon
chemical synapses
59
what does an excitatory neurotransmitters do
triggers impulses - ACh / NE
60
what does an inhibitory neurotransmitters do
increase polarization - dopamine / serotonin
61
what are the excitatory neurotransmitters
ACh / NE
62
what are the inhibitory neurotransmitters
dopamine / serotonin
63
when does repolarization of the membrane occur
after action potential has peaked and the membrane begins to move back to RMP
64
repolarization begins with movement of K+ ions to ___ the cell
outside
65
what moves Na+ ions to the outside of the cell to restore the resting membrane potential
sodium-potassium pump
66
what is the interval when a 2nd impulse can NOT be initiated
ABSOLUTE refractory period
67
why does the absolute refractory period occur
due to the inactivation of Na + channels during REPOLARIZATION
68
what is the interval immediately after the absolute refractory period when a 2nd impulse is INHIBITED but is POSSIBLE if there is a LARGE enough stimuli applied
RELATIVE refractory period
69
why does the relative refractory period occur
due to the hyperpolarization before the resting membrane potential is fully established
70
local anesthetics cause ___ local anesthesia
reversible
71
how does local anesthetics cause reversible local anesthesia
preventing the generation and conduction of impulses
72
local anesthetics provide a ___ between the source of impulse and brain, not allowing the impulse to ever reach the brain
chemical block
73
local anesthetics are membrane- ___ drugs
stabilizing
74
local anesthetics __ the rate of depolarization
decrease
75
local anesthetics ___ Na+ ion influx during depolarization
inhibit
76
local anesthetics bind to ___ channels inside the cell preventing ___ influx
Na + (for both blanks)
77
local anesthetics provide a ___ making them bind easier to NA+ channels that are firing and not resting
state-dependent blockade
78
___ diameter nerve fibers are more sensitive to local anesthetics
SMALL
79
___ diameter nerve fibers require more volume of local anesthetics
LARGE
80
what is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics
- diffuse through neuron cell membranes - bind to Na+ channels inside the cell membrane - prevents Na+ channels from opening - prevents conduction of nerve impulse as long as the local anesthetic is bound to the receptor site - prevents neuron from reaching firing potential and the membrane remains polarized
81
what are the 2 major routes of local anesthetic delivery
- topical applied on mucosa - submucosal injection (more effective)
82
topical application requires high or low concentrations
high
83
injection requires high or low concentration
low
Pain & Anxiety Control
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