how do mass extinctions affect surviving species?
mass extinctions provide surviving species evolutionary opportunities
*increases adaptation radiation
How have mass extinctions shaped the ecological landscape?
mass extinctions have shaped the ecological landscape by removing dominant organisms, thereby changing the competitive dynamic for the remaining organisms
some survivors diversity in the wake of mass extinctions, establishing new ecosystems
explain how the history of oxygen in the atmosphere may help us to understand the evolutionary history of life
for the first billion years of evolution, there was no oxygen gas in the atmosphere and oceans, requiring that all organisms live without using O2 in metabolism
once oxygen began to accumulate 2400 million years ago, organisms that use oxygen gas became possible, and eukaryotic cells evolved.
A further increase in ozygen levels about 600 million years ago corresponds in time to the evolution of large animals, which have relatively high oxygen requirements
How did the rise of plants help to facilitate the colonization of land by several different animal groups?
when plants colonized the land surface, they changed the physical character of landscapes, while providing a major source of food for emerging land animals
what are the two prokaryotic domains?
bacteria and archaea
How does horizontal gene transfer affect bacteria?
horizontal gene transfer promotes genetic diversity in bacteria
How do bacteria replicate?
binary fision
What is horizontal gene transfer?
the transfer of genetic material between organisms that are not parent and offspring
*major source of genetic diversity in bacteria
What are the 3 domains of life?
- eukarya
- bacteria
- arachaea
Define arachaea
one of the three domains of life, consisting of single-celled organisms with a single circular chromosome and lacking a membrane bound nucleus
they divide by binary fission and differ from bacteria in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology
How does do archaea differ from bacteria?
- have different lipids present in their membrane
- do not undergo photosynthesis using chlorophyll
- in some cases, capable of methanogenesis
- DNA transcription in arachaea uses RNA polymerase and ribosomes that are more similar to those of eukaryotes than to those of bacteria
- many of the antibiotics that target protein synthesis in bacteria are ineffective against achaea - suggesting differences in translation
Are prokaryotes monophyletic?
naur - arachaea lowkey vibing with us eukaryotes
What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
- prokaryotes
-circular chromosome
-no nucleus
- no organelles
- no internal cytoskeleton - eukaryotes
- linear chromosome (within membrane)
- have nucleus
- Organelles: specialized membrane-bound compartment inside the cell
- internal cytoskeleton
Define adaptive radiation
an unusually rapid period of speciation in a group, accelerated by natural selection
explain differences between phototrophs and chemotrophs
- phototrophs get energy from sunlight
- chemotrophs get energy from chemical compounds
What does photo-chemo troph refer to?
how organisms get energy
What does auto/ hetero troph refer to?
how organisms get their carbon
Where do phototrophs get their energy from? Where do chemotrophs get their energy from?
- sunlight
- get energy from chemical compounds (such as carbon)
Where do autotrophs get their sources of carbon? Where do heterotrophs get their sources of carbon?
- autotrophs use CO2 as their source of carbon (building their own carbohydrates)
- heterotrophs use organic compounds formed by other organisms
Are eukaryotes photoautotrophs or chemoheterotophs?
*both!
- photoautotrophs: plants, protists (ie. algae)
- chemoheterotrophs: animals, fungi, and some protists (ie. protozoa)
What nutritonal categories do prokaryotes fall into?
all of dem - lol
Are prokaryotes single or multicellular?
single-celled… sometimes colonial
How do archaea differ from the other domains?
- molecular differences:
- different lipid in membranes
- type of RNA polymerase and ribosomes - wide variety of habitats - include extremophiles (little freaks fr)
How do prokaryotes help us?
- nutrient cycling: base of some food chains! (ex. chemoautotrophic bacteria in deep sea vents)
- transform molecules
- ex: change nitrogen into a useable form - digestion
- archaea in cows
- human microbiome (antibiotics?)
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Module 345
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Module 568
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module 440
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module 252
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module 11
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module 663
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module 759
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module 7 (redone cuz I didn't like the first one)33
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module 849
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module 9103
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module 6 but with the objectives n shit i dunno36
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module 1081
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important info module 104
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module 8 but it's the objectives now lol33
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module 9 objectives46
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module 1276
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Module 1131
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module 1335
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module 14 exam review54
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Module 11 exam review41
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Module 12 final exam review49
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module 1546
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Module 13 remade with objectives63
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Module 14 exam review38
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Module 12 review on immune system/ leukocytes20
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Iclicker exam review129
