grammar
A set of rules that aim to describe fully the pattern of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community.
phonology
The study of the sounds of language.
morphology
In linguistics, the study of the minimal units of meaning in a language.
syntax
The study of sentence structure.
semantics
The study of meaning.
metaphor
A form of figurative or nonliteral language that violates the formal rules of denotation by linking expressions from unrelated semantic domains.