1
Q
Whatdi todays biologists believe in the central propositions of evolution
A
- That all living things are descended form a common ancestor
- That all extant species can change and give rise to new species
2
Q
Proailurus evolved into
A
the modern cat
3
Q
What genus are all the bears
A
Ursus
4
Q
Spectated bear is part of
A
Tremarctos
5
Q
Giant panda is part of
A
Ailuropoda
6
Q
What order are all the bears
A
Carnivora
7
Q
How many families are in the order Carnivora
A
13 families
8
Q
Traits of order Carnivora
A
Strong sharp claws
more than 4 toes/foot
Canine teeth
9
Q
Every bear is omnivore except ___________
A
Giant Panda
10
Q
Family of Bears
A
Urisdae
11
Q
When did family urisdae occur
A
25 million years ago
12
Q
What is the ancestor of Urisdae
A
Cephalogale
13
Q
Next family member of family Urasus
A
Dawn Bear
14
Q
Evidence to support the theory of evolution
A
- Artificial Selection
- Fossil and the Fossil Record
- Biological Design
- Biogeography
- Convergent evolution
15
Q
Artificial Selection
A
Selective breeding of animals and plants (by humans) over 100-1000s of years
16
Q
Difference between artificial selection and natural selection
A
Artificial Selection works much faster than natural selection
17
Q
What does the fossil record show
A
Historical sequence of events
18
Q
What did ancient whales look like
A
4 legged animals
Knee cap and toe bones
19
Q
Sinonyx jiashanensis
A
- Primarily land animal
- Probably hunted/scavenged
- size of a wolf
- built for stamina and strength
20
Q
Pakicetus inachus
A
- Primarily a land animal (swims occasionally.)
- Size of a wolf
- Characteristic features of the inner ear (found only in cetaceans) - large auditory bulla formed from only the ectotympanic bone
21
Q
Ambulocetus
A
Similar to pakicetus but with flittered feet - better adapted for swimming (most likely moved better in the water than on land)
22
Q
Rodhocentus
A
- paddling, reduced hind legs; neck
- vertebrae shorter (less flexible neck), an adaptation for swimming
- ear region more specialized for underwater hearing
23
Q
Durodon and Basilosaurus
A
- Vestigial hand limbs
- propelled by sturdy front flippers and long flexible body/tail
24
Q
Evolution of whales
A
Sinonyx - pakicetus - Ambulocetus - Rodhocetus
25
Ancestor of all living horses, donkeys and zebras
Hyracotherium
26
Evolution of Hyracotherium
Equus
27
What fused as horses are evolving
Toes
28
Advantages of reduced number of toes
Development of hoof
Fast runner
29
What are horses teeth modified for
Grazing
Larger and more enamel (because diet changed from soft leaves to grass)
30
What is the earliest known bird
Archaeopteryx
31
What is the oldest feathered animal in the fossil record
Archaeopteryx
32
Skeleton of Archaeopteryx
- long bony tail
- ribs are free (not fused as in birds)
- hand bones are not fused (birds have claws)
- teeth
Features of a reptile
33
Bird features of Archaeopteryx
Wings
Feathers
A wish bone
34
What was the transition of Archaeopteryx
Transition from reptile to bird
35
Biological Design
Comparing Anatomy
Morphologically similar species suggest relationship
36
Ancestor of all dog like looking creatures
Canine
37
Only _________ features are used to infer evolutionary relationships
Homologous
38
Homologous Characters
Similar Ancestry
39
Analagous creatures
Similar Function
40
Homoplaisious Creatures
Similar Appearance
41
Example of analogous features
Dragonfly wings and Bat wings
Both used for flight
42
All characters are not ________ exclusive
Mutually
43
What kind if species are Thylacosmilus and Smildon
Analagous and Homoplasious
44
Homologous characters
Derived from a common ancestor
45
Vestigial Characters
Structures with no apparent function
46
Examples of vestigial structures in humans
Tail bone and appendix
47
Vestigial structures in snakes
No limbs
48
Comparative Embryology
Commonality of early stages, specifically in blastula and zygote
49
Example of common embryology
Pharyngeal slits in vertebrates
Gills in fish
Ears and throats in humans
50
Molecular Homologies
Similarities in DNA sequences
51
Biogeography
Geographical distribution of Species
52
Alfred Russel Wallace is the father of ___________
Geogrpahy
53
Convergent evolution
Suggests adaptation to the environment
54
Why do penguins and polar bears do not co exist
Because of Biogeography
55
Example of Convergent Evolution
Spiny Anteater and giant ant eater
Mole
Mouse
Squirrel
56
Natural Selection
Appears to have favoured parallel evolutionary adaptations in similar environments
57
Example of Natural Selection
Succulent plants
58
North American cactus
Clear, watery sap
59
Euphorbia Cactus
Milky, sticky snap
60
Relationship between North American cactus and Euphorbia
Distantly related
But have independently converged on a very similar body form
61
Microevolution
Changes in populations
(Continually happening)
62
Macroevolution
Formation of new species
(Small changes)
63
What is an adaptation
A bilogical adaptation is an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioural trait of an organism that have evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection
64
Phenotype
An individuals observable characteristics or traits
65
Phenotypic Variation
May be environmental or genetic in origin
66
Polymorphism
Different forms within a speice
Mutations are a reason for this
67
Why are Galapagos flamingos orange/pink in colour
They eat mccrocrustanceans (environmental)
68
Non genetic variation
Variation induced by environment only
69
Summer morph and Spring Morph
Are genetically identical at the loci for colouration. Colour changes due to seasonal differences in
Changes colour depending on season
70
Genetic variation
Genes control the colour
71
Example of inheritable variation
Postman Butterfly
Colouration of jaguar
72
Population
A group of individuals belonging to the same species who occupy a particular geographic region and potentially interbreed with each other
73
natural selection only acts on ___________
phenotypes
74
Crptic colouration
many animals blend in with their surroundings (type of camouflage)
75
Mimicry
Species resembling other species
76
Inanimate
Showing no sign of life; lifeless
77
Reproductive success influences ____________
Frequency
78
natural selection acts on _____________
Phenotypes
79
Natural selection is the differential reproduction of ______________
Genotypes
80
Natural selection indirectly accts on the ___________ and _________ frequency
Genotype and Allele
81
________ defend themselves by mimicking a snake
Hawk moth Caterpillars
82
Robber fly
Mimic as their prey - goes to the bee nest and blends in with all the others and then catches prey
83
Batesian Mimicry
Mimics the prey for their advantage
84
Red milk snake and Coral snake is an example of
Batesian Mimicry
Red milk snake - Non venomous
Coral snake - poisonous
85
Viceroy butterfly and Monarch Butterfly
Not BATESIAN
Vicoroy is more unpalatable than the monarch
Mullerian mimicry
86
Mullein mimicry
Ecologically sympatric pairs new distasteful, and have warning colourations
87
Industrial Mechanism
A phenomenon that affected over 70 species of moths in England
88
First Hypothesis of black moths
Blackness in moths caused directly by pollutants derived from smoke and industrial process, acting to alter the metabolism of the insects (RefuteD)
89
Beak sizes in Galapagos finches
Dry conditions produce large seeds and may result in larger beaks in succeeding generations due to natural selection
90
Beak length is genetically determined _____________
Inherited Characteristic
91
Sexual Cannibalism
Not Natural Selection
Only occurs in a few of the 180+ species of mantids
Also occurs in some species of spider, scorpion, crickets and beetles
92
Mantid Reproduction
Male dies after fucking
Provides a high energy source - egg development faster
93
Benefits of sacrifice in mantid sexual cannibalism
- As mates only once: Strong selection pressure to succeed
- Prolonged copulation while being eaten
- Prevents female from mating another male
94
Sexual Selection
Diversity in appearance between sexes (In sexually reproducing species)
95
Sexual dimorphism
Phenotypic differences between males and females
96
Traits
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
97
Two types of Sexual Selection
Intrasexual selection
Intersexual selection
98
Intrasexual selection
Between members of the same sex
Direct competition (e.g. physical combat)
99
Example of intrasexual selection
Male fiddler crabs use large claw to defend burrow in which a female lives
100
Intersexual selection
Between members of the opposite sex
Female choice
101
Example of Intersexual Selection
Bulwers pheasant
Temminck's Tragopan
102
Indian peacock is an example of _____________
Intersexual Selection
103
Indian Peacock Males
Long and Brightly coloured tail feathers
Fan out during mating behaviour
104
Indian peacock females
Choose a mate based on certain traits (appearance, behaviour)
105
African Long tailed widowbird is an example of
Intersexual selection
106
Microevolution
Changes in allele frequencies between populations
107
Macroevolution
Formation of new species
108
Anageneis
Single species transformed into a new species over the course of many generations
109
Cladogenesis
Division of a species into 2 species
Only one that promotes biological diversity by increasing the number of species
110
Speciation
The process leading to the formation of new species
It is also the source of biological diversity
111
Allopatric Speciation
1. Splitting of a population into 2 geographically operated populations
Separated by slow geological events
2. No gene flow between the isolated populations . No interbreeding
112
__________ isolation can promote allopatric speciation
Geographical
113
Allopatric speciation is what kinda genesis
Cladogenesis
114
Examples of Allopatric Speciation
Porkfish
Antelope Squirrels
115
Biology 121
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