Module 4: Section 3 - Classification and Evolution

Question 1

What is a species?

Answer 1

A group of similar organisms capable of
interbreeding (naturally) to produce fertile offspring

Question 2

What is Classification

Answer 2

Classification = grouping similar organisms together /
organising species into groups
Based off Phylogeny and physical characteristics

Question 3

What is an acronym for the Linnaean classification system?

Answer 3

King kingdom
Philip phylum
Came class
Over order
For family
Good genus
Soup species

Question 4

What grouo was later added ABOVE kingdom and what does it consist of?

Answer 4

Domain
Bacteria
Archea
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista

Question 5

Why do scientists classify organisms?

Answer 5

To identify species
- To predict characteristics
By knowing the characteristics of other species in a group
- To find evolutionary relationships
Species in the same group are likely to share a common ancestor
- To have a Universal system so that scientists on different continents
can make links between organisms

Question 6

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Answer 6

Organisms that have a nucleus and those that don’t.

Question 7

Difference between Motile and sessile

Answer 7

Organisms that can move (carry out locomotion) and those that don’t.

Question 8

Autotropic?

Answer 8

Producers that produce their own food/organic molecules

Question 9

Hetrotropic? Examples?

Answer 9

Consumers that feed on other oraganisms
Parasitic
Saprophytic
Holozoic

Question 10

Holozoic?

Answer 10

Consuming by ingestion

Question 11

Parasitic?

Answer 11

Consuming by living off/on/in another organism

Question 12

Saprophytic?

Answer 12

Consuming by feeding off dead/decaying organisms

Question 13

ANIMALIA characteristics?

Answer 13

Eukaryotic (with 80s rRNA)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-MOTILE
-Food stored as GLYCOGEN
-Most have a muscular and
nervous system

Question 14

PROKARYOTES characteristics?

Answer 14

Unicellular
-No NUCLEUS ; DNA is naked without histones, which is a
loop, & no membrane bound organelles at all
-Autotrophic or heterotrophic
-Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
-70s rRNA

Question 15

FUNGI characteristics?

Answer 15

Eukaryotic (with 80s rRNA)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Cell wall made of CHITIN
-HETEROtrophic by feeding
saprotrophically or parasitically
-Sessile
-Most are multicellular. Main
body made of hyphae (long
threads); mass of threads =
mycelium

Question 16

PROTOCTISTA characteristics?

Answer 16

Eukaryotic (with 80s rRNA)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Animal-like protozoa are heterotrophic,
motile with FLAGELLA or pseudopodia,
may be parasitic, unicellular
-Plant-like green/red/brown ALGAE are
AUTOtrophic, may be motile and/or
multicellular

Question 17

PLANTAE characteristics?

Answer 17

EUKARYotic (with 80s rRNA)
-Membrane bound organelles
-Multicellular
-AUTOtrophic
-Contain chloroplasts
-Cell wall made of CELLULOSE
-Most are sessile
-Food stored as starch

Question 18

Examples of PROKARYOTES?

Answer 18

ARCHAEBACTERIA - can live in extreme environments and cell wall isnt composed of peptidoglycan
EUBACTERIA ‘true bacteria’
-Different biochemistry
-e.g. RNA polymerase contains fewer proteins
Found in all non extreme environments and cell wall contains peptidoglycan

Question 19

What is shared morphology?

Answer 19

The comparison of physical characteristics to classify organisms

Question 20

H9w do we classify today?

Answer 20

1. Based on shared morphology; microscopy led to traditional 5
   kingdoms to be created
2. Based on evolutionary relationships through biochemical analysis
   → e.g. 6 kingdom / 3 domain system came about through DNA,
   protein and RNA sequence comparisons

Question 21

How are animalia divided by?

Answer 21

Chordates (vertebrates)
Non-chordates (invertebrates)

Question 22

What is the advantage of the binomial system of naming over
common names?

Answer 22

So we have universal recognition of each organism belonging to a certain species

Question 23

Phylogeny?

Answer 23

evolutionary relationships
between organisms
This tells us how closely related
organisms are.

Question 24

Phylogenetics?

Answer 24

the study of evolutionary
history of organisms

Question 25

Common ancestor?

Answer 25

an ancestor shared by / common to 2 or more organisms

Question 26

Sister group?

Answer 26

Two descendants that split from the same node (junction)

Question 27

Advantages of phylogenetic trees of classification?

Answer 27

Helps us accurately classify - confirms whether Linnaean classification is correct or incorrect Continuous trees don’t force species into discrete groups they may not fit into Shows timeline of evolution rather than being hierarchical

Question 28

Suggest what criteria a taxonomist salary

Answer 28

-Biochemistry especially cytochrome C and RNA polymerase -DNA sequence -Physical features -behaviour

Question 29

What are the main reasons life is classified into 3 domains

Answer 29

Differences in ribosomes/ RNA polymerase/ protein synthesis