Are water molecules polar or non polar?
polar
Chronic dehydration can lead to what?
- kidney damage : not enough water to help secrete waste products
- seizures : electrolyte imbalance can compromise body’s electrical activity
- hypovolemic shock : loss of a lot of blood or extracellular fluid
Genetic changes that have a negative impact on the activity of metabolizing alcohol result in what symptoms?
facial redness, nausea, sweating, dizziness, racing heart rate
High alcohol intake can significantly increase risk of what?
liver cirrhosis and cancers of the liver and digestive systems
How does the indigenous lens vary from western lens in terms of water?
western:
- important natural resource
- commodity
- used for industry, agriculture
- used by humans as a nutrient
indigenous lens:
- tied to our existence
- part of which we are
- has a life of its own
- “mothers life’s blood”
How long after drinking does a hangover occur ?
6+ hours after
How much of the human body weight is made up of water?
60-70%
2/3 found within cells (intracellular water)
1/3 found outside of cells (extracellular water)
How much of alcohol consumed is metabolized and eliminated at the liver ?
90%
What accounts for the majority of the body’s water?
cytoplasm
What are congeners?
substances added during g fermentation process of alcohol
What are diuretics?
substances that promote water loss through urination
alcohol and caffeine are also diuretics (psychoactive drugs)
What are the 2 main mechanisms on preserving body water levels?
- thirst response (body sensors indicate to the brain that the concentration of dissolved particles in the blood is high, meaning conc. of water is low)
- kidneys (blood arrives at kidney, what is not excreted returns to body, kidneys decide what should be excreted, including water)
What are the enzymes responsible for metabolizing alcohol ?
alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
What are the factors that affect level of intoxication ?
- how much is consumes
- how quickly alcohol is absorbed
- size of individual
- gender
- genetic factors
- type of alcohol consumes
- menstrual cycle
What are the functions of water in the human body?
- helps maintain structure in cells, humour of eye, synovial sacs, etc
- solvent: other polar molecules dissolve in water which allows them to collide with other molecules that they might react with and move around freely
- hydrolysis: reactions that use water to split larger molecules into smaller ones
- defense from infections: water provides an environment for immune cells to fight off infection. water is the main component of mucus, which helps remove infectious agents
- protection from injury: water in synovial fluid to protect joints. mucus lining of various structures, and water around brain and spinal cord.
- temperature regulation: sweat evaporation to cool, blood shunted to skins surface to help promote sweating, lower internal temp .
What are the risks of consuming too much alcohol?
increase risk for cancers, liver cirrhosis, confusion, dementia, malnutrition, all cause mortality
What are the sources of water for the body ?
liquids, foods, metabolism
What are the steps of alcohol metabolism?
alcohol-> alcohol dehydrogenase : acetaldehyde -> aldehyde dehydrogenase : acetate -> acetyl CoA -> fatty acids : fat storage + citric acid cycle : ATP
What are the symptoms of a hangover?
vomiting, tiredness, decreased attention, decreased concentration, stomach pain, disturbed sleep
What are the symptoms of dehydration?
thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, irritability, dark urine
What are the water recommendations ?
- look for signs of dehydration, including thirst and darkened urine colour. when they occur, drinking water can reduce symptoms and complications
- AI for water is 2.7 L/day for women and 3.7L/day for men
- when excessive water is lost due to sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea, it is important to replenish both the lost water and electrolytes
- consume alcohol in moderations as it has many negative mental, social, and physical effects
- best remedy for a hangover is time
What causes hangovers?
direct effect of alcohol, acetaldehyde buildup, congeners
What is alcohol?
a psychoactive drug found in certain foods and beverages
What is caffeine?
a compound found naturally in certain seeds, nuts, and leaves.
a form of diuretic but mainly used for stimulant effects
