GLPH 171 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many different indigenous groups exist globally?

A

5000-6000 different indigenous groups in 70 countries

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2
Q

What percentage of the world population is Indigenous?

A

5% of world population (300-500 million)

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3
Q

What is the Indigenous population in Canada?

A

1.6-1.7 million Indigenous Persons in Canada

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4
Q

What are the three broad groups of Indigenous peoples in Canada?

A
  • First Nation (58.4%)
  • Inuit (3.9%)
  • Metis (35.1%)
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the Indian Act introduced in 1876?

A

Created a paternalistic wardship system, reserves, and the Treaty System

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6
Q

What does the Indian Act legally define?

A

Who was and wasn’t considered ‘Indian’

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7
Q

How did Pearson and Trumble (1996) define colonization?

A

The process of establishing a colony or group of settlers in a new land or territory, whether previously inhabited or not, during which the settlers are both partially or fully subject to and accountable to their mother country of origin

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8
Q

What was a central focus of colonial enterprise regarding medicine?

A
  • Want to spread benefits of western medicine
  • Sense that western medicine was needed elsewhere
  • Want to keep colonial settlements healthy
  • Want to keep the local workforce in colonial areas healthy
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9
Q

What was the Indigenous population of North America prior to European contact?

A

18 million inhabitants

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10
Q

How many languages were spoken in North America before European contact?

A

2000 languages

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11
Q

What was the goal of the residential school system?

A
  • Remove/isolate children from their home influences
  • Convert children to Christianity and assimilate them into European cultures
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12
Q

What were the health impacts of colonization on Indigenous peoples?

A
  • Changes to Traditional Lifestyle and Diet (CVD, obesity, diabetes)
  • Poverty and Poor Living Conditions (TB, exposure to toxins, injuries, disease of contaminated water)
  • Trauma, Social Exclusion, Injustice (substance abuse, family violence, suicide)
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13
Q

What percentage of Indigenous off-reserve populations are food insecure?

A

28.2% are food insecure

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14
Q

What is the percentage of food insecurity among First Nations on reserve?

A

50.8% are food insecure

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15
Q

What are the housing conditions like for Indigenous communities on reserve?

A

In need of major repair and often crowded

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16
Q

What does the ‘In Plain Sight’ B.C. Report address?

A

Stereotypes, discrimination, poor access and outcomes, and building structures for Indigenous peoples

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17
Q

What is a key determinant of health for Indigenous Peoples?

A

Self-determination

refers to a person’s ability to make choices and manage their own life

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18
Q

What are the three types of determinants of health for Indigenous Peoples?

A
  • Distal Determinants
  • Intermediate Determinants
  • Proximal Determinants
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19
Q

What are some distal determinants affecting Indigenous health?

A
  • Self-determination
  • Language
  • Culture and heritage
  • Racism
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20
Q

What are some proximal determinants affecting Indigenous health?

A
  • Employment
  • Income
  • Social support networks
  • Food security
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21
Q

What do reserve communities often lack?

A

Quality public services and adequate housing

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22
Q

What is the trend of overall Indigenous health compared to Non-Indigenous health?

A

More Non-Indigenous than Indigenous Peoples report excellent health

Good health is highest in age groups 12-24 years old

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23
Q

What percentage of Indigenous women report suicidal thoughts?

A

Women have more reports than men
Metis population are the Indigneous group with the least reports

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24
Q

What was a significant event in 2008 regarding Indigenous issues in Canada?

A

Formal apology issued for residential schools

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25
What is the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Calls to Action?
94 Total, only 13 achieved thus far
26
What does the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) focus on?
Rights of Indigenous Peoples to live with self-worth and sustain their own cultures
27
What do the OCAP Principles outline?
Stewardship principles requiring First Nation ownership and control of knowledge
28
What is the Tri-Council Policy Statement (Chapter 9) about?
Basic principles for engaging in research with Indigenous communities
29
Name all 5 Indigenous Groups
First Nation (58.4%) Inuit (3.9%) Metis (35.1%) Treaty Indians Non-treaty Indians
30
how does the university of saskatchewan define colonization
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
31
When did Canadian Colonization begin and what diseases spread?
1535 * Smallpox, measles, and TB spread to Indigenous Communities after contact * Residential school system began
32
From what time to waht time did residential schools last
1800-1996 compulsory from 1884-1948
33
How many students died due to residential schools
at least 4100
34
What were the impacts of residential schools
violence, loss of culture/lanuage, loss of livelihoods, land appropriation, negative health impacts, opresion, many forms of structural anti-indigenous racism
35
What percentage of Non-Indigenous Non-racialized people are food insecure
11.1%
36
what is On-Reserve Housing
Land set aside by the Canadian government for Indigenous Communities under the Indian Act In need of major repair
37
What % of housing is crowded for different Indigenous Groups
First Nation (23%) Inuit (40%) Metis (8%)
38
First Nation off Reserve have a ____ income than first nations on reserve
higher income
39
Females show ____ in on reserve populations and among inuit
higher income
40
For other Indigenous populations, people who identify as male have a ____ median income.
higher
41
Model provided by "In Plain Sight" B.C. report to “break the cycle:”
1) Colonialism 2) Healthcare System 3) Stereotypes 4) Discrimination 5) Less Access 6) Poor Outcomes
42
Colonialism
systems of oppression and a set of intentionally created beliefs about the inferiority of Indigenous Peoples
42
Healthcare System
built on colonialism, with a history of segregation, racism, and discrimination
43
Stereotypes
Beliefs that Indigenous patients are less “worthy” of care, are alcoholics, are irresponsible, and/or are unfairly advantaged
44
Discrimination
Leads to harm, poorer quality of care, and even death
45
Gracey and King (2009) posited that social determinants for Indigenous Peoples’ health can be mapped using the
Web of Being
46
What is the Web of Being
includes many determinants unique to Indigenous Peoples health (distal, intermediate, proximal)
47
Intermediate Determinants
* Health systems * Location * Education systems * Early childhood * Environmental stewardship
48
Unique determinants for INUIT populations
forced relocation to the high Arctic as part of the Canadian government’s desire to assert ownership in these regions, or were encouraged to settle in specific area
49
Unique determinants for METIS populations
often denied physical spaces for their communities
50
Remote Communities
Rely more on hunting, fishing, foraging, more affected by food insecurities, high imported food costs Limited opportunities for higher education or various occupations in the community
51
Reserve Communities:
Public services (schools, health services) are lower quality/limited Housing/community space is often limited
52
Urban Communities:
Few cultural, social, and language supports available within their urban setting
53
Daily smoking rate highest for
Inuit, higher for Indigenous than Non-Indigenous
54
Reconcilliation
ongoing process between Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous Peoples (including the Crown in Canada) where a mutually respectful framework for living together and producing holistically healthy, sustainable, and strong Indigenous nations within a strong Canada is strived fo
54
Violence Reports
Violence in Indigenous communties higher than non-indigenous communities
55
Reconcilliation in 2008
formal apology issued for residential schools
56
Reconcilliation in 2015
Truth and Reconciliation Commission report was released
57
Reconcilliation in 2016
Indigenous population growing in number
58
Reconcilliation in 2019
investigation into the deaths and disappearances of more than 2,298 murdered or missing Indigenous women and girls
59
Reconcilliation in 2021
thousands of unmarked graves found at former residential schools
60
Tools for Reconcilliation
1) Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Calls to Action 2) United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 3) Community-Specific Protocols Ownership, Control, Access & Possession (OCAP) Principles 4) Tri-Council Policy Statement (Chapter 9)
61
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Calls to Action
Heard stories from thousands of residential school survivors across Canada and released a report based on what was learned. Report stated Indigenous policies were “cultural genocide”
62
How many Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Calls to Actions have been achieved so far
94 Total, only 13 achieved thus far
63
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
* Guide to set and compare standard for the **survival, digity, and wellbeing** of Indigenous peoples * Focuses on the rights of Indigenous Peoples to live with self-worth, and sustain their own cultures and traditions
64
Community-Specific Protocols
* Respectful engagement with **elders** Exhange of tobacco when asking to share traditional knowledge * Specific ways to engage vary by group and geography
65
Ownership, Control, Access & Possession (OCAP) Principles
* Sanctioned by First Nation Information Governance Committe * Outline stewardship principles that require First Nation **ownership of, control of, access to, and possession **of its own knowledge including data or any information collected about or with Indigenous communities
66
Tri-Council Policy Statement (Chapter 9)
* Chapter outlines basic principles for engaging in **research** with Indigenous communities * States that for research with Indigenous participants, researchers should advise their research ethics board on how they have appropriately engaged, or intend to engage with, the relevant Indigenous community
GLPH 171
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