PTHER 351 > Module 5 + 6: Biomechanics > Flashcards

Module 5 + 6: Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the difference between biomechanics, kinematics and kenetics?

A

Biomechanics – “the study of the structure and function of biological systems…by application of mechanics” (Everett and Kell)

Kinematics – the description of motion

Kinetics – the description of motion taking in consideration the forces that cause the motion

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2
Q

Name Newton’s 3 laws of motion

A

Law of inertia
Law of acceleration
Law of action and reaction

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3
Q

Describe Newton’s law of inertia

A

txtb: Every body will continue on its state (rest or motion) until an external force is applied to change its state

My words: It speaks about an objects resistance to changing ints velocity, the higher the mass the more resistant it is

An example is something moving in space will keep going becuase theres nothing moving against it

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4
Q

Describe Newton’s law of acceleration

A

The change of momentum of the body is proportional to the force applied and will occur in the same direction of the force

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5
Q

Describe Newton’s law of action and reaction

A

For every action, there is reaction of equal force and opposite direction

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6
Q

What is the definition of force?

A

“an influence that changes the state of rest or motion of a body or object”
It has both magnitude and direction

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7
Q

How is force calculated and what units are each varriable measured in?

A
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8
Q

What are vectors?

A

A vector is a mathematical or physical quantity possessing both magnitude (size or length) and direction. Represented geometrically as a directed arrow, it defines displacement, velocity, or force in space. (Google)

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9
Q

Lsit the three parts of an arrow that describes force vectors

A
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10
Q

Describe the difference between one and two dimmensional force systems

A

One-dimensional: forces acting on the same plane and line of action

Two-dimensional: forces acting on the same plane but not in the same line of action

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11
Q

This is an example of what kind of force?

A

Colinear-one dimmensional

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12
Q

This is an example of what kind of force?

A

Colinear-one dimmensional

Opposite is fine if it’s on the same plane!

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13
Q

This is an example of what kind of force?

A

Coplanar: same plane but not the same line of action

Two dimensional

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14
Q

This is an example of what kind of force?

A

Parallel: direction of forces are parallel in the same or opposite directions

Two dimensional

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15
Q

This is an example of what kind of force?

A

Orthogonal: the direction of the forces are perpendicular to each other

Two dimensional

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16
Q

This is an example of what kind of force?

A

Concurrent: forces originate from the same point, or their line of action intersect.

Two dimensional

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17
Q

What is resultant force?

A

The force that is applied as the sum of total force distribution

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18
Q

List the 5 kinds of force discussed in this module

A

Friction
Ground Reaction
Elastic
Centripital
Gravity

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19
Q

Decribe the force and direction of centripital force. Name the force direction

A
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20
Q

What kind of force is this an example of?

A

Friction

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21
Q

What kind of force involves the deformation of material turning to its original shape?

A

Elastic

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22
Q

Describe ground reaction forces

A
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23
Q

What is torque or moment?

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A

Movement resulting from force

24
Q

How is moment calculated?

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A

(What is force and distance calculated in again??)

25
What is the definition of a lever?
rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point
26
There are 3 kinds of levers, what are tehy called and what are the factors that change to make each type of lever different?
The name depends on the location of the load, location of the resitance and location of the axis. they're called 1st, 2nd and 3rd order levers
27
Describe a 1st order lever and provide an example
28
Describe a second order lever and provide an example
29
Describe a 3rd order lever and provide an example
30
What is mechanical advantage and how is it calculated?
Mechanical advantage detrmines wether or not movement is easier or harder for a lever compared to a lever that can maintain equalibrium given equal force and resitance on either side. Dforce/DLoad MA >1 is easier, MA<1 is harder
31
What is another term for linear motion?
Translation
32
What is displacement?
The difference in space between two points. Eg. A person who starts and ends on the same spot on a running track has a displacement of zero where someone who ran 10km in 1 direction ran 10km
33
What is the difference between rectilinear and curvilinear motion?
Curv changes its velocity (not in a straight line)
34
What is linear motion?
35
What is angular motion?
36
How do you calculate speed?
D(m)/T(s)
37
Explain the difference between angular velocity and angular acceleration and how are they calculated?
Physical Example: When a ceiling fan is switched on, its increasing speed is caused by a high angular acceleration, while its final, steady spin speed is its angular velocity. (Google)
38
When does the angular and linear combination occur?
39
Define COG
Center of gravity (COG): the center of a body where all the weight is considered to be concentrated (geometrical concept)
40
Define COM
the point about which the mass of the object is evenly distributed
41
Define LOG
projection of the COG to the ground
42
Define BOS
43
What is the definition of balance
44
What is the difference between balance and stability?
Balance: if the COG falls within the BOS Stability: body’s ability to return to its initial state of balance
45
What is caluclated using the unit Joules (J)
Muscle work
46
Define muscle work, how is it caluclated?
Work: the ability of a force to move an object Work = force x displacement
47
What is muscle work and how is it calculated?
Muscle work: the ability of a muscle to produce movement Muscle work = muscle force x muscle length change
48
Muscle work can be neutral, positive or negative (apparently) why kind of movement faciliates each?
Concentric contraction = positive work Eccentric contraction = negative work Isometric contraction = work = 0
49
What are the 4 differentkinds of energy?
Metabolic energy Potential energy (gravity) Kinetic energy (being in motion -mass and speed) Elastic energy
50
Name 3 principlesof energy conservation
The sum of energy is assumed to always be constant One form of energy can be transformed into another Energy is not created or destroyed
51
What is hydrostatic pressure?
52
# ``` ``` What is density in the human body? Will it have the tendency to float or sink?
Is defined as the mass of the fluid divided by its volume Human body density varies: 0.86-0.97
53
If density is <1 will the body sink or float?
Body with density > 1 will sink Body with density < 1 will float
54
What is buoyancy?
Is the upwards force that the fluid exerts on a body immersed in water
55
What is the difference between center of gravity and center of boyancy
The center of gravity (CG) is the point where an object's total weight acts, while the center of buoyancy (CB) is the center of the volume of fluid displaced by a submerged object, acting as the point for buoyant force
56
In which conditioin would a body immersed in water have the tendency to rotate?
Where the COG and COB are indifferent directions
57
What is flow and how can it affect movement in water? What are the two different kinds of flows?
he movement of the liquid from one point to the other (usually due to pressure difference) Laminar flow: smooth movement of liquid Turbulent flow: irregular pattern of the movement
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