Module 5: Memory

Question 1

is the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use that information in the present.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Processes in Memory (3)

Answer 2

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

Question 2

refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experiences.

Answer 2

Memory

Question 2

• processes used to store information in memory.
• It refers how you transform a physical sensory input into
  a kind of representation
  that can be placed into memory.

Answer 2

Encoding

Question 3

• processes used to maintain information in memory.
• It refers to how you retain encoded information in memory.

Answer 3

Storage

Question 4

• processes used to get information back out of memory.
• It refers on how you gain access to information stored in memory.

Answer 4

Retrieval

Question 5

Tasks used for measuring memory (4)

Answer 5

• Recall Tasks
• Recognition Tasks
• Implicit Memory Tasks
• Explicit Memory Tasks

Question 6

• To produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory

Answer 6

Recall Tasks

Question 7

• to select or otherwise identify an item as being one that you learned previously.
• Multiple choice and true or false questions

Answer 7

Recognition Tasks

Question 8

3 under Recall Tasks

Answer 8

• Serial Recall Task – repeat items in a list in exact order you heard them
• Free Recall Task – repeat items in a list in any order
• Cued-Recall Task – memorize a list of paired items; then you are given an item in the pair and you must recall the mate for that item.

Question 9

• Require participants to complete task. The completion of the task indirectly indicates memory. When we recollect something but are not conscious aware that we are trying to do so.
• Word completion tasks; Procedural memory

Answer 9

Implicit Memory Tasks

Question 10

• Involve conscious recollection. Participants know they are trying to retrieve information from memory
• What is your first name? Where do you live?

Answer 10

Explicit Memory Tasks

Question 11

Models of Memory

Answer 11

• Traditional Model of Memory
• Levels -of-Processing Model
• Integrative Model:
  The Working Memory
• Multiple Memory
  Systems
• A Connectionist
  Perspective

Question 12

three memory stores

Answer 12

• Sensory Store
• Short-term Store
• Long-term Store

Question 13

capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods

Answer 13

Sensory Store

Question 14

capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity as well;

Answer 14

Short-term Store

Question 15

of very large capacity, capable of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely

Answer 15

Long-term Store

Question 16

discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods.

Answer 16

Iconic Store

Question 17

The initial discovery regarding the existence of the iconic store
came from a doctoral dissertation by a graduate student at Harvard University named

Answer 17

George Sperling (1960).

Question 17

how much information we can encode in a single, brief glance at a set of stimuli

Answer 17

Sperling’s Discovery

Question 17

Sperling’s Discovery (2)

Answer 17

• Whole Report Procedure
• Partial Report Procedure

Question 18

control processes available that regulate the flow of information to and from the long - term store

Answer 18

Short-term Store

Question 19

material remains in the short-term store for about ____ , unless it is rehearsed to retain it

Answer 19

30 seconds

Question 20

our immediate (short-term) memory capacity for a wide range of items appears to be about ___ items, plus or minus two

Answer 20

seven

Question 21

Here we keep memories that stay with us over long periods, perhaps indefinitely.

Answer 21

Long-term Store

Question 22

Levels-of-Processing Model

Answer 22

Physical, Phonological, Semantic

Question 23

very high levels of recall when asked to relate words meaningfully to the participants by determining whether the words describe them.

Answer 23

Self-reference effect

Question 24

Most widely used and accepted model

Answer 24

Integrative Model: The Working Memory

Question 25

Components of Working Memory (5)

Answer 25

* Visuospatial Sketchpad * Phonological Loop * Central Executive * Subsidiary slave systems * Episodic Buffer

Question 25

holds only the most recently activated, or conscious, portion of long-term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage

Answer 25

Working Memory

Question 26

briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal.

Answer 26

Phonological Loop

Question 27

briefly holds visual images

Answer 27

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 28

the gating mechanism that decides what information to process further and how to process this information.

Answer 28

Central Executive

Question 28

perform other cognitive or perceptual tasks

Answer 28

Subsidiary slave systems

Question 29

limited-capacity system that is capable of binding information from the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop as well as from long-term memory into a unitary episodic representation. This component integrates information from different parts of working memory so that they make sense to us.

Answer 29

Episodic buffer

Question 30

Multiple Memory Systems (2)

Answer 30

* Semantic Memory * Episodic Memory

Question 31

stores personally experienced events or episodes. According to Tulving, we use episodic memory when we learn lists of words or when we need to recall something that occurred to us at a particular time or in a particular context.

Answer 31

* Episodic Memory

Question 31

stores general world knowledge. It is our memory for facts that are not unique to us and that are not recalled in any particular temporal context

Answer 31

Semantic Memory

Question 31

the key to knowledge representation lies in the connections among various nodes, or elements, stored in memory, not in each individual node

Answer 31

A Connectionist Perspective

Question 32

a node that activates a connected node.

Answer 32

prime

Question 33

* Someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement

Answer 33

Mnemonists

Question 33

most famous mnemonist studied by Alexander Luria.

Answer 33

“S”

Question 34

severe loss of explicit memory

Answer 34

Amnesia

Question 34

The experience of sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated.

Answer 34

Synesthesia

Question 35

3 types of amnesia

Answer 35

* Retrograde * Anterograde Amnesia * Infantile Amnesia

Question 36

- is a disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss (Alois Alzheimer)

Answer 36

* Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 36

repeated recitation of an item that leads to practice effects

Answer 36

Rehearsal

Question 37

meaningful integration of an item into what is already in long-term storage; meaningful connection to one another

Answer 37

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 38

repetition of an item; temporarily maintains information in short-term memory

Answer 38

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 39

Distribution of study session over time affects consolidation of information in long-term memory

Answer 39

Spacing Effect

Question 39

specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words

Answer 39

Mnemonic Devices

Question 39

operations being done one after another. In other words, on the digit-recall task, the digits would be retrieved in succession, rather than all at once

Answer 39

Serial processing

Question 39

the simultaneous handling of multiple operations. As applied to short -term memory, the items stored in short -term memory would be retrieved all at once, not one at a time

Answer 39

Parallel Processing