1
Q
What are healthy behaviours?
A
- activities that people perform to maintain or improve health
- even if it actually improves health or not
2
Q
How can health status affect the type of health behaviour people choose to perform?
A
- Well Behaviour
- Symptom-Based Behaviour
- Sick-Role Behaviour
3
Q
Explain Well Behaviour
A
- Activities people take to maintain health and avoid illness
4
Q
What are some examples of well behaviour?
A
- eat healthy
- exercise
- get vaccine
5
Q
Explain Symptom-based behaviour
A
- activity ill people take to determine problem and find remedy
6
Q
Examples of symptom-based behaviour
A
- complaining about symptoms
- Seeking advice
7
Q
Explain sick-role behaviour
A
- activity people undertake to treat or adjust health problem
8
Q
Examples of sick-role behaviour
A
- adhere to medical advice
- stay home form school/work
9
Q
What are some health compromising behaviours?
A
- inactivity
- poor diet/nutrition
- cigarette smoking
- alcohol
- Unprotected sex
- excessive sun exposure
- poor sleep habits
- infrequent handwashing
- poor oral hygiene
- not seeking med. care
- poor road safety
10
Q
What is associated with a high carb, low fat, diet?
A
- Increase mortality
11
Q
What was associated with increased fruit, veg, and legume consumption?
A
- Decreased mortality
12
Q
What were the 10 factors most closely associated with death?
A
- Current Smoker
- History of Divorse
- History of Alcohol Abuse
- Recent Financial Difficulties
- History unemployment
- previous smoking history
- lower life satisfaction
- never married
- history food stamps
- negative affectivity
13
Q
What does primary prevention involve?
A
- actions taken to avoid disease or injury
14
Q
What does secondary prevention involve?
A
- actions taken to identify and treat an illness or injury early with aim of stopping or reversing problem
15
Q
Examples of secondary prevention
A
- medical exam
- cancer screening
- symptom-bsed behaviour of seeking care for pain
- Treating flu/pneumonia
16
Q
What does tertiary prevention involve?
A
- Actions to contain or slow damage of injury/disease, prevent disability or recurrence, and rehabilitate the patient
17
Q
example of tertiary prevention
A
- physical therapy for arthritis
- medication for pain control
- comfort for terminally ill
18
Q
What problems can occur for promoting wellness?
A
- Individual
- Interpersonal
- Community
19
Q
Explain individual factors that are problems for promoting wellness.
A
- Attitudes
- Perception
- Habits
- Low resource
- Low self-efficacy
20
Q
What interpersonal factors can be a problem for promoting wellness?
A
- Lack social support
- conflict of behaviours in family systems
- Disruption to behaviours
21
Q
What community factors can be problems for promoting wellness?
A
- Lack public health funding
- lack safe/clean space
- economic resources
22
Q
What types of learning contribute to health behaviours?
A
- Operant conditioning
- Reinforcement
- Extinction
- Punishment
- Modeling
- Classical Conditioning
23
Q
Explain operant conditioning
A
- behaviour changes due to consequences
24
Q
Explain Reinforcement learning
A
- do something that brings pleasant consequence, tendency to repeat behaviour is increased
25
Explain extinction learning
- consequences maintain a behaviour are eliminated, response tendency weakens
26
Explain Punishment learning
- do something that brings unwanted consequence, behaviour tends to be suppressed
27
Explain Modelling Learning
- Occurs through observing others (parents)
28
Explain Classical Conditioning
- Stimulus elicit response through association with unconditional stimulus
- Serve as cue/trigger for behaviour
- Behaviour becomes habitual
29
What is conscientiousness associated with?
- increased healthy behaviours
- Decreased problematic behaviours
30
What are the 2 assessments that people make that determine the likelihood a person will perform health behaviour?
- Threat associated with a health problem
- Pros/cons of taking action
31
Explain the Health Belief Model
- Perceive Threat
- Perceived Benefit and Barriers
32
Explain Perceived Threat
Belief in health threat
- Perceived seriousness
- Perceived vulnerability
- Cues to action/remindersE
33
Explain Perceived benefits and barriers of the health belief model
Perceived Pros and Cons
- Belief benefit outweighs costs
34
What do both an individuals perception of health threat and perceived benefits and barriers contribute to?
- Likelihood of performing the health behaviour
35
Explain cognitive adaption theory
- Those who do not fully accept their physiological risk may have better mental health
36
Explain the theory of planned behaviour
- Health behaviour direct result of behavioural intentions
37
What are the 3 key factors that influence health behaviour intentions?
- Attitude Regarding the Behaviour
- Subjective Norm
- Perceived Behavioural Control
38
Explain the Attitude Regarding the Behaviour
- Judgment of whether the behaviour is good or bad
39
Explain Subjective Norm
- Appropriateness or acceptability of behaviour
- based on beliefs about others' opinions, social norms
40
Explain Perceived Behavioural Control
- Expectation of Success
- Similar to self-efficacy
41
Explain Self-efficacy
- Belief that one can execute a course of action, achieve a goal
- correlated with performance/success
42
How can celebrity influence subjective norms?
- Sheen: increase STD/HIV testing
- Trump: Increase poisoning
43
Explain the Stages of Change Model (transtheoretical model)
- recognizes that it may not be possible to change all at once
44
What are the stages of change in the stages of change model?
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
45
Explain Precontemplation of stages of change model
- not considering changing, no intention
46
Explain contemplation of stages of change model
- aware of need to change, contemplating change
47
Explain preparation of stages of change model
- Ready to change, plan to implement change soon
48
Explain action of stage of change model
- start succesfully making changes to behaviour
49
Explain maintenance of stage of change model
- work to maintain new behaviour, avoid relapse
50
How can you help people advance through the stages of change model
- describe how to change behaviour
- match strategy to person's current needs
- Plan for problems that may arise when implementing change
51
Explain Motivated Reasoning
- emotionally-biased reasoning intended to produce justifications or make decisions that are most desired rather than those that reflect the evidence
52
Explain Conflict Theory
- Starts with a challenge to one's lifestyle
- creates conflict
- action depends on evaluation of risk, hope, adequate time
- may act irrationally
53
Explain hypervigilance
- risk high
- hope low
- adequate time low
54
What was found to be most effective levers for behavioural change in handwashing campaigns in India?
Emotional Drivers
- Disgust
- Nurture
- Status
- Affiliation
55
What was found to be most effective for increasing handwashing in Hospitals?
- Patient-focused sign: Empathy
56
What has empathy and perspective taking shown to do?
Reduce
- Prejudice
- Stereotype Expression
- Interpersonal Aggression
57
Explain Herd Immunity
- More people immunized, more chain infections disrupted, protect larger pop.
58
What was found to be in close association with low compliance during COVID 19 in Brazil?
- Callousness
- Deceitfulness
- Risk-taking
59
Explain antisocial
- Socially disruptive, violating the rights of others
60
Why were men more likely to not wear a mask where it wasn't mandatory?
- Shameful
- Not cool
- Sign of weakness
- Stigma
61
What are the 10 Biggest Threats to Global Health?
- Air pollution and climate change
- Noncommunicable diseases
- Global influenza pandemic
- Fragile and vulnerable settings
- Antimicrobial resistance
- Ebola and other high-threat pathogens
- Weak primary healthcare
- Vaccine hesitancy
- Dengue Fever
- HIV
62
Explain the Dunning-Kruger Effect
Cognitive Bias
- People with limited knowledge or competence in given intellect/social domain greatly overestimate own knowledge
- You don't know what you don't know
63
What is overconfidence associated with?
- Anti-vaccine attitudes
- Highest among those with low levels of knowledge
64
What works best to change attitudes about vaccines?
- Information on disease threat
65
Explain the Backfire Effect
- People that encounter evidence that challenge their belief with reject evidence and strengthen support of original stance
66
Psyc 314
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
Module 2 - Fight or Flight: or Frenzy?120
-
Module 3 - Coping & Stress Management104
-
Module 4 - Social Determinants of Health42
-
Module 5 - Understanding Behaviour66
-
Module 6 - Key Factors in Change97
-
Module 7 - Using Health Services85
-
Module 8 - Dissecting Pain101
-
Module 9 - Managing Chronic/Terminal Illness47
-
Module 10 - Psychosocial Factors in Dying & Aging118
-
Module 11 - Challenges Ahead33
