A Level Chemistry Ocr > Module 6 Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Module 6 Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an aliphatic amine

A

Nitrogen atom bonded to at least one straight or branched carbon chain

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2
Q

What is an aromatic amine

A

Nitrogen atom is attached to an aromatic ring. Phenylamine is the simplest aromatic

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3
Q

What are amines

A

They are compounds derived from ammonia, they have a H replaced with an alkyl group.
They can be primary, secondary or tertiary amines

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4
Q

What are primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines

A

DRAW EACH

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5
Q

What are amines known for

A

Their pungent smells as well as their physiological effects

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6
Q

How are amines named

A

They use the suffix ‘-amine’ after the carbon chain prefix. Eg. Methylamine

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7
Q

When is the prefix amino used

A

For branched, more complex amines, primary amines at a different point on chain. Need to use number to indicate position.

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8
Q

What is a feature of secondary and tertiary amines

A

Each group from the amine group is named separately, the longer has the suffix amine

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9
Q

What is an example of a secondary amine and what is sometimes used as a prefix

A

Methylpropylamine

Sometimes the prefix N is used

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10
Q

What is an example of a tertiary amine and what is sometimes used as a prefix

A

Diethylpropylamine.

Sometimes the prefix ‘N,N’ is added when two or more different groups are attached

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11
Q

What is a feature of amines (PH)

A

Amines act as weak bases due to the lone pair on the N atom being able to form a dative bond with a proton

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12
Q

What is produced when an amine reacts with an acid

A

The salt that is formed is an ammonium salt

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13
Q

How do you prepare aliphatic amines

A

You warm halogenoalkanes gently in excess ammonia with an ethanol solvent. Amine is then generated from the salt.

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14
Q

What is the reaction between 1-chloropropane and ammonia

A

CH3CH2CH2Cl + NH3 —> CH3CH2CH2NH2 + HCL

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15
Q

Why is ethanol used instead of water in the reaction between 1 chloropropane and ammonia

A

As water will protonate the ammonia.

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16
Q

What do the products from the reaction between haloalkanes and ammonia do and how can this be controlled

A

They react with any of the amine produced to form amine salts.

These salts can be removed by adding NaOH

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17
Q

Why is excess ammonia also added in the reaction between haloalkanes and ammonia

A

As this prevents further substitution with the amine products.

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18
Q

Why does further substitution take place in the reaction between haloalkanes and ammonia A

A

As the product contains lone pairs of electrons so it can react further with the haloalkane to form secondary amine.

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19
Q

How can tertiary and secondary amines form

A

By further substitution by keeping on reacting in with haloalkanes

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20
Q

What is another way in which amines can be formed

A

By the reaction of nitriles with either:

Lithium tetrahydrdidoaluminate (LiAlH4)

Alternatively hydrogen cna be used with a nickel catalyst.

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21
Q

What is the reaction of a nitrile with lithium tetrahydrdidoaluminate and hydrogen with a nickel catalyst

A

RC(triple bond)N + 4[H] —> RCH2NH2

RC(triple bond)N + 2H2 —> RCH2NH2

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22
Q

How are aromatic amines made

A

A nitrobenzene compound is made first

It is then reduced to create an amino benzene

Sn with 6M HCL used as a reluctant [H]

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23
Q

What can’t the NH2 group be introduced into the benzene directly

A

NH3 is a nucleophile
Whereas benzene reacts with electrophiles

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24
Q

What is the steps for the formation of an aminobenzene

A

Step 1. Electrophilic substitution
C6H6 + HNO3 —> C6H5NO2 + H2O

Step 2. Reduction
C6H5NO2 + 6[H] —> C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

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25
What are the practical conditions for the formation of aromatic arenes
HCL act as a reducing agent and is heated under reflux Whilst the acid is added the mixture must be cooled, but once added the mixture is then heated. The amine formed will react with HCL so the ammonium salt formed is removed by adding excess NaOH —> forming the amine, NaCL and water
26
What are the physical properties of amines
Their boiling points are higher than similar hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ketones, because stronger H-bonds are present between amines 2. Provided the Mr is not too large, primary amines are relatively soluble in water
27
What do amines act as (PH)
They are Bronsted-Lowry bases
28
Why are amines bronstead Lowry bases
As there are lone pairs of electrons on N of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. They are proton acceptors forming dative (coordinate) bonds
29
What happens to the PH if the electron density is increased or decreased on the N atom
Increased - stronger base - more available to H+ Reduced - weaker base - less available to H+
30
What are groups that increase electron density and groups that decrease electron density and why
Alkyl groups repel electrons (the “inductive effect’) —> increased E- density on N —> stronger base than NH3 Arya groups attract electrons (the delocalisation effect) —> decreased E- density on N —> weaker base than NH3
31
What are the relative PH of aliphatic amines ammonia and aromatic amines
Aliphatic amines > NH3 > aromatic amines.
32
What are the functional groups in an alpha amino acid
They contain both an amine group and a carboxylic acid group that are separated by one carbon atom.
33
What is the general formula of an amino acid
RCH(NH2)COOH
34
Draw an amino acid
DRAW IT
35
What is glycine
It is the simplest amino acid with the R group as H. DRAW IT
36
How do you name amino acids
The carboxylic acid group takes priority, so the amine group will be at position 2 in an a-amino acids
37
What is a feature of amino acids (PH)
They are both acidic as they contain the COOH group and basic due to the NH2 group.
38
What are the reactions between amino acids and acids
They react with acids to form a salt
39
Draw the reaction between an amino acid and HCL
DRAW IT
40
What is the reaction between an amino acid and NaOH
DRAW IT
41
How can amino acids undergo esterification
When the alcohol is heated with the AA in the presence of a concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst. Alcohol is in excess and only small amounts of conc sulphuric acid are needed.
42
What occurs to the amine group in the esterfication reaction and why
Due to the acidic conditions, the amine group of the ester is protonated
43
Draw the reaction between a general amino acid ethanol and an acid (H+) ion
DRAW IT
44
What is an amide
They are compounds with an amine group directly bonded with a carbonyl group.
45
What is the amide functional group
DRAW IT
46
How are amides produced
They are produced in reactions of acyl chlorides with ammonia and amines, also in nature when proteins are formed from the polymerisation of two amino acids.
47
What are the two types of amides and their respective forms
Primary amines R-CONH2 Secondary amines R-CONH-R
48
What are the reactions that secondary amides can undergo (1)
They can be hydrolysed under acidic conditions to form a CA and amine salt. As the amine formed will react with the acid.
49
What are the reactions that secondary amides can undergo (2)
They can also undergo hydrolysis to form a carboxylate salt and an amine. —> as the carboxylic acid formed will react with the alkali.
50
What are optical isomers
Optical non-superimposable mirror images around a chiral centre.
51
What is the chiral centre in organic
It is a carbon attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
52
What is a chiral centre
It is a carbon with four different atoms/groups bonded to it causing optical isomers to form. —> also known as enantiomers
53
Where are chiral carbons found
In sugars, proteins, nucleic acids They are also found in amino acids except glycine.
54
How do you identify chiral centres
You look for the carbon that has 4 groups attached to it.
55
How do you represent optical isomers
You need to show the 3D structure but only around one chiral centre.
56
How can you identify different enantiomers
Optical isomers rotate plane-polarised light in different direction i.e one rotates it clockwise.
57
What is a racemic mixture
A mixture that contains equal proportions of each enantiomer As the rotations cancel out.
58
What is condensation polymerisation
It is the joining together of two monomers, with the elimination of a small molecule
59
What are polyesters
Polymers that are bonded via an ester linkage
60
What are polyamides
They are polymers that have monomers bonded by an amide linkage
61
What are the two ways to form a polyester
Two different monomers a diol and a dicarboxylic acid One monomer with -OH and -COOH groups
62
In the polyester reaction how many molecules of water are formed
2n-1 where n is the number of reactant molecules
63
What are the two separate ways to form a polyamide
Two different monomers of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid One monomers with -NH2 and COOH groups
64
What can polyesters be hydrolysed by what are the conditions reagent, and molecules that form
Hot acidic conditions - using aqueous HCL - forming an alcohol and carboxylic acid Hot alkaline conditions - using aqueous NaOH forming an alcohol and carboxylate salt
65
What can polyamides be hydrolysed by what are the conditions reagent, and molecules that form
Hot acidic - aqueous HCL - ammonium salt carboxylic acid Hot alkaline - aqueous NaOH - amine and carboxylate salt
66
What is a feature of acidic conditions being used for hydrolysis
Acidic conditions are much slower
67
What are features of addition polymerisation
Monomers contain a c=c double bond The backbone of polymer is continuous chain of carbon atoms.
68
What are features of condensation polymerisation
Two monomers each with two functional groups. Or one monomer with two different functional groups. Polymer made from CAs and amine (polyamide) and CAs and alcohols (polyester)
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