Some of the changes as people age
- Eyesight deteriorates
- Sense of smell changes or fades
- People begin to mishear or misidentify words
- Reaction time slows down
- Memory fades and dementia can set in
- Menopause occurs in women which is the end of the menstrual cycle
- Alzheimer’s Disease can occur which is the deterioration of memory and reasoning
- The ability to recall information fades
- Non-verbal intelligence declines
- Intelligence crystallizes which means older people have more acquired knowledge
- Fluid intelligence declines though, which is hallmarked by the ability to quickly reason
- People tend to become more satisfied with life the older they get.
What are the challenges of the early adulthood stage?
Early Adulthood (19-30)
They tend to feel the pressure of a “social clock”
There is a socially-prescribed timeline of getting married, having children, and retiring
They face decisions on relationships, marriage, career paths, educational paths such as graduate school, all the while trying to establish themselves in the “real world”
What did Sigmund Freud and Abraham Maslow believe about young adults?
According to Sigmund Freud, they are driven by love and work.
Meanwhile, Abraham Maslow believed young adults are driven by love and belongingness.
What are the challenges of midlife adults?
Midlife Adults (30-60)
- Feel the pressure of “generativity”
- The act of making commitments beyond themselves to either their families, jobs, social acquaintances, or future generations.
How many tasks are you willing to take on?
- Also start to experience health problems
What are health problems that midlife adults may start to have?
A decline or change in skin elasticity, hair color, weight, vision, and reproductive changes (most noticeably in women due to menopause, occurring typically in the 50s).
What are the challenges faced by end-of-life adults?
End-of-Life Adults (60 - Death)
Grapple with the idea that death is inevitable and tend to go through the Five Stages of Grief (Kubler-Ross).
Physical or mental ailments can affect elderly adults and often people at this stage of their life take inventory of what they have accomplished and seek to make peace with life.
What are the Five Stages of Grief?
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
What is moral development?
Moral development is the idea that a person develops a sense of “right and wrong” early and that people throughout their lives are principally concerned with justice.
Who are the two differing psychologists in moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan
What did Lawrence Kohlberg theorize?
He developed a six-level developmental model that could illustrate moral development in people. The model is broken down into three levels that encompass two stages each for a total of six stages of development.
What are Kohlberg’s developmental level model parts in order?
Preconventional Level
- Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Self-Interest Orientation
Conventional Level
- Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity
- Stage 4: Authority and Social-Order Maintaining
Orientation
- Postconventional Level
- Social Contract Orientation
Universal Ethical Principles
What is the Preconventional Level?
Self-Interest: to avoid punishment and to gain rewards.
Age: Birth to 9
- Punishment and Obedience Orientation: when a person tries to actively avoid punishment
- Self-Interest Orientation: when a person completes an act but expects a reward for the act
What is the Conventional Level?
An understanding of the morality of law and social rules usually followed to gain social approval and avoid social disapproval.
Age: 9 to 20
- Interpersonal Accord and Conformity: when a person tries to conform to social norms.
- Authority and Social-Order Maintaining Orientation: when a person tries to conform to laws and society’s expectations of laws.
What is the Postconventional Level?
An agreement to affirm the rights of individuals and the obvious development of a personal ethical code.
Age: 20+ or maybe never
- Social Contract Orientation: when a person tries to create a system to preserve the rights of others or has developed a social conscience
- Universal Ethical Principles: when a person values all life equally.
Who was Carol Gilligan and what was her theory?
- Carol Gilligan was a student of Kohlberg
- She noticed that Kohlberg’s data was very skewed towards males and not enough females.
- She created her own moral development chart titled…
- “Gilligan’s Stages of the Ethic of Care.”
How does Gilligan and Kohlberg’s theory compare?
- Unlike Kohlberg, Gilligan’s theory/chart is not based around cognitive ability, but rather when a person recognizes their internal changes concerning their sense of self.
- Gilligan retained the three levels similar to Kohlberg but did not assign ages.
Gilligan believed what about boys and girls?
Boys and girls develop different morality as exhibited by…
Justice-based morality: found more commonly in boys, in which boys focus more on inequality and autonomy
Care-based morality: found more commonly in girls, it emphasizes avoiding violence and helping those in need.
What are the three stages/levels of Gilligan’s Stages of the Ethic of Care?
- Preconventional Level: Individual survival and egocentrism
- Conventional Level: Self-sacrifice for the greater good
- Postconventional Level: Principle of nonviolence
What was Sigmund Freud’s Theory in Developmental Psychology?
Psychosexual Theory of Development
- Focused on personality
- Personalities develop during childhood (most by age 5)
- Influences behavior later in life.
- Five stages to a healthy personality
- Fixation can happen if one stage is not met well.
What was Erik Erikson’s Theory in Developmental Psychology
Psychosocial Theory of Development
- Focused on personality
- Personality development occurs throughout a person’s entire lifespan.
- Each stage of development was focused on overcoming a conflict
- Success or failure in dealing with each of these conflicts can impact them overall.
- Focuses on culture and society as well
- Eight stages
What was Lev Vygotsky’s Theory in Developmental Psychology?
Socio-Cultural Theory of Development
- Focused on cognition
- Children learned actively and through hands-on experiences
- Parents, caregivers, peers, attitudes, language, and cultural status impact the higher-order function of learning
- Children internalized information they get from the interaction with others.
- Stresses social interaction in the development of cognition
What was Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory in Developmental Psychology?
Moral Development Theory
- Focused on cognition
- Focuses on how people think about “right and wrong”
- Moral reasoning depends on cognitive development
- Three Stages divided into two stages; 6 levels in total
What did Mary Ainsworth develop and find?
She developed the modern approach to attachment theory by inventing an investigative tool called the strange situation conclusion.
What were the types of attachment that Mary Ainsworth found?
The three main types of attachment (strange situation conclusion)
1. Insecure-avoidant
2. Secure
3. Insecure-ambivalent/resistant
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Module 1 Lesson 1 - History and Perspectives of Psychology10
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Module 2 Lesson 1 - The Nervous System and Neural Communication81
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Module 2 Lesson 2 - The Brain, brain imaging, and Heredity and Behavior72
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Module 2 Lesson 3 - The States of Consciousness and Drugs21
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Module 2 Lesson 4 - Sleep and Dream Theories28
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Module 3 Lesson 1 - Sensations108
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Module 3 Lesson 2 - Perception34
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Module 4 Lesson 1 - Introduction to Learning45
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Module 4 Lesson 2 - Operant Conditioning38
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Module 4 Lesson 3 - Social Learning30
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Module 5 Lesson 1 - Memory36
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Module 5 Lesson 2 - Problem Solving17
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Module 5 Lesson 3 - Language18
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Module 5 Lesson 4 - Intelligence22
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Mofule 5 Lesson 5 - Assessing Intelligence24
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Module 6 Lesson 1 - Lifespan, Physical, And Cognitive Development54
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Module 6 Lesson 2 - Social Development and Adolescence59
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Module 6 Lesson 3 - Elderly Development40
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Module 7 Lesson 1 - Motivation57
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Module 7 Lesson 2 - Emotion36
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Module 7 Lesson 3 - Personality32
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Module 8 Lesson 1 - Psychological Disorders One27
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Module 8 Lesson 2 - Psychological Disorders Two19
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Module 8 Lesson 3 - Therapy and Psychotherapy19
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Module 8 Lesson 4 - Biopharmaceuticals9
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Module 9 Lesson 1 - Group Behavior29
