Module 6: Quantitative Research

Question 1

Data, numbers, “quantity” - Is what type of research?

Answer 1

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Question 2

Feelings, emotions, thoughts, opinions, “narrative” - Is what type of research?

Answer 2

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Question 3

Which variable is the one being manipulated?

Answer 3

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Question 4

Which variable is the one being changed or influenced by the other?

Answer 4

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Question 5

What variable is an external variable that is either not controlled, OR is not recognized during measurement, that also AFFECTS the outcome of the dependent variable?

Answer 5

EXTRANEOUS/CONFOUNDING VARIABLE

Question 6

What is a Type I Error?

Answer 6

Rejecting the null when it is true

So there is no difference but you are seeing one, a FALSE POSITIVE

Question 7

What is a Type II Error?

Answer 7

Accepting the null when it is false

So there is no change or difference but that is false or incorrect because there IS A CHANGE, a FALSE NEGATIVE

Question 8

How do you remember Type I and Type II Errors?

Answer 8

RAAR

REJECT the null when you should be ACCEPTING, is TYPE I

ACCEPT the null when you should be REJECTING, is TYPE II

Question 9

How do you control for extraneous variables?

Answer 9

Use a control group, or have inclusion/exclusion criteria

Question 10

What is repeated measures mean?

Answer 10

Testing is done at specific intervals throughout the trial

Question 11

What is Quasi-experimental study designs?

Answer 11

includes an intervention or treatment, but does NOT randomize participants

Question 12

What does an R-value of 0.7 to 0.8 or higher mean? **

Answer 12

0.7 ++ = STRONG CORRELATION

Question 13

What does an R-value of 0.4 to 0.7 mean? **

Answer 13

0.4 to 0.7 = MODERATE CORRELATION

Question 14

What does an R-value of less than 0.4 mean? **

Answer 14

> 0.4 = WEAK CORRELATION

Question 15

Define Reliability.

Answer 15

Consistency in measurement (the closeness of the initial estimated values to the subsequent estimated values)
Is it repeatable? Will repeating it produce similar results?

CLOSENESS (RC)

Question 16

Define Validity.

Answer 16

The extent to which the conclusions drawn from a statistical test are ACCURATE
Are the results accurate and well-founded? Are the instruments used measuring what they are intended to measure?
aka PRECISE

ACCURATE (VA)

Question 17

Define Internal Validity.

Answer 17

The extent to which the independent variable, rather than some extraneous variables, actually caused the outcome of the study.

Question 18

What are some threats to Internal Validity?

Answer 18

1. History (specific events which occur b/t the 1st & 2nd measurement)
2. Maturation (process within subjects which act as a function of the passage of time)
3. Selection of Subjects
4. Mortality/Attrition (loss of subjects)
5. Testing
6. Instrumentation
7. Regression to the Mean (AKA Statistical Regression)

Question 19

Define External Validity.

Answer 19

The extent to which the results of your study can be generalized to another place, population, and/or time point.

Question 20

What are 3 threats to External Validity?

Answer 20

1. People
2. Place (city vs. rural)
3. Time (effects of the pandemic)

Question 21

Define Statistical Conclusion Validity.

Answer 21

The extent to which relationships among the variables produced by the statistical analyses are accurate.

Question 22

What are 5 threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity?

Answer 22

1. Low statistical power
2. Violation of the assumptions of statistical threats
3. Fishing (have no statistical analysis plan, looking for answers)
4. Reliability of measures
5. Reliability of treatment implementation

Question 23

What is the extent to which researchers are actually measuring the theoretical concepts or constructs in the study?

OR it looks at how well the dependent variable as well as the intervention represent the underlying construct in an experiment.

Answer 23

CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

Question 24

What are 3 threats to Construct Validity?

Answer 24

1. Inadequate pre-operational explication of constructs
2. Mono-Method Bias (refers to measurements or observations, not your programs or causes. AKA the researcher has only chosen one method to measure/evaluate).
3. Expectation Bias (AKA Researcher expectancies)

Question 25

Define ERROR.

Answer 25

The difference between the true value of a measurement and the actual recorded measurement.

Question 26

Define random error.

Answer 26

Due to chance, due to normal variability that you find in people or items, cans be minimized by having a large enough sample size to compensate for that random error.

Question 27

Define systematic error/bias.

Answer 27

An error not due to chance meaning that multiple replications of the study, would still give an incorrect result

Question 28

What are the examples of systematic error/bias?

Answer 28

1. Hawthorne effect 2. Attrition bias 3. Reporting bias 4. Researcher bias (including confirmation bias, publication bias, allegiance bias)

Question 29

What type of bias is this? The common action of study participants changing their actions or responses to questions when they know they are being studied.

Answer 29

Hawthorne Effect

Question 30

What type of bias is this? When there are systematic differences between groups in the number of withdrawals from the study.

Answer 30

Attrition bias Attrition = the loss of study units from a sample

Question 31

What type of bias is this? Bias of researchers in how they handle their data or how they interpret their data

Answer 31

Researcher bias

Question 32

What type of bias is this? When a researcher selectively interprets the information to confirm what they believe, or hope to find.

Answer 32

Confirmation bias

Question 33

What type of bias is this? When a researcher seeks to publish only the results that are statistically significant, OR that support their hypothesis and they fail to publish results that aren't statistically significant.

Answer 33

Publication bias

Question 34

What type of bias is this? Describes the effect of a funding agency or employer on publishing their results.

Answer 34

Allegiance bias