What is ‘economic growth’
Its defined as the growth rate of the ‘real per capita gdp’
How to calculate the ‘real per capita gdp’?
Real per capita gdp = real gdp / population
What is gdp also called?
Its also called the average real per capita income
How to obtain the real per capita GDP?
- We need to download the real GDP and the population series
- population can be obtained by using keyword population and selecting the population series
[Double check if we need to know]
What are quintiles?
Its when we divide the population into five equal groups based on the distribution of a given variable, and these groups are called quintiles.
What does the low-high quintiles represent?
The lowest quintile represents 20% of the population with the smallest values and the fifth quintile includes 20% of the population with the highest values.
How to construct quintiles?
- Order the variable(of focus) from lowest to highest (the order is dependent on what is the focus group)
- Split the group into equal groups
- Take the average of each quintile
(There might be three variables you order based on the variable that is the focus group)
What is the median?
Seprates the population into two equal groups
What is the purpose of the ‘gini coefficient’?
Its to provide one number that characterizes the level of inequality
What is the lorenz curve?
Its a visualiation tool used to analyze incme inequality
How to measure the ‘gini coefficant’?
Its a measure based on the lorenz curve:
- Its the area between the perfect equality line and the lorenz curve divided by the area below the equality line
How to calculate the gini coeffficant?
Gini =0.8- 0.4 * (h1+h2+h3+h4)
h1 = (base*h) /2
h2 = (h1+h2) /2
When does income iequality become problematic?
It becomes problematic when it implies that a large proportion of the population is in a state of poverty
How do we find broke bitches (poor)
- A household is consdiered poor if their income falls below the poverty line
How do we measure poverty?
- The market basket measure
- Low income measure
What is the market basket measure?
- This is based on the cost of a ‘specific basket of goods and services that represent the :
- the modest and basic standard of living (food, clothing ,s helter) - This measure determines whether a family falls below the poverty line
What is the ‘low income measure’
- This measure is equal to half the adjusted median household income.
- This is a measure based on after-tax income
How to find the average income in the decile?
10* (real per capita GDP) * (income share of decile i)
What are a few sources of ‘inequality’?
- Inequality in skills
- Inequality in how skills are valued
- Inequality in education
- Tech advances
- Value of education
Explain the few sources of inequality?
- Inequality in skills: If some workers have a particular skill that is highly in demand, these workers will be well paid compared to the average workers.
- Inequality in how skills are valued: Depending on how the society values products and services, some skills may result in higher income than others. It also depends on the demand and supply of those skills: if a particular skill is in high demand and low supply, it will be more valued.
3.Inequality in education: We assume here that higher education leads to higher income. The following compares the median wage by level of education in 2016 (Statistics Canada, 2017).
- tech advances
- Value of education: Everything that affects the value of being educated will increase the impact of education inequality on income inequality.
What are the possible channel which inequality may have effect on?
- Investment
- Education
- Taxation
- Political stability
- Level of criminality
What is economic mobility?
Economic mobility is defined as the ability for individuals to move from one part of the income distribution to another
(e.g. moving from the first quintile to the second of third quintile
What are two factors that effect mobility?
- The accessbility of education
2.The accessibility of health care
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Module 1 : Importing Data Files18
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Module 2: Mathematical Operations and Index Numbers50
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Module 3: Visualization Techniques42
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Module 4: Time Series Decompositon67
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Module 5: National Accounts121
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Module 5 : National Accounts17
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Module 6: Unemployment23
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Module 6: Unemployment9
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Module 7 : Income Inequality28
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Module 723
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Module 8: Economic Growth4
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Module 9: International Finance1
